⑴ 求有關上市公司融資偏好分析的參考文獻,中文15篇外文5篇,請表明作者,書名(論文名),版本(刊物名
網路學術可以找到參考文獻,輸入關鍵詞,在輸入年份,就能找到相對應的參考文獻。如果不知道參考文獻格式要求,可以網路搜,參考文獻自動生成器。直接按著填就出來了。
網路搜索參考文獻自動生成器,按著裡面填,點生成參考文獻就出來了。
數據資料可以在網路文庫、中國統計年鑒中找到。
參考文獻標准格式
參考文獻類型:專著[M],論文集[C],報紙文章[N],期刊文章[J],學位論文[D],報告[R],標准[S],專利[P],論文集中的析出文獻[A]
電子文獻類型:資料庫[DB],計算機[CP],電子公告[EB]
電子文獻的載體類型:互聯網[OL],光碟[CD],磁帶[MT],磁碟[DK]
A:專著、論文集、學位論文、報告
[序號]主要責任者.文獻題名[文獻類型標識].出版地:出版者,出版年.起止頁碼(可選)
[1]劉國鈞,陳紹業.圖書館目錄[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1957.15-18.
B:期刊文章
[序號]主要責任者.文獻題名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止頁碼
[1]何齡修.讀南明史[J].中國史研究,1998,(3):167-173.
[2]OU J P,SOONG T T,et al.Recent advance in research on applications of passive energy dissipation systems[J].Earthquack Eng,1997,38(3):358-361.
C:論文集中的析出文獻
[序號]析出文獻主要責任者.析出文獻題名[A].原文獻主要責任者(可選).原文獻題名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年.起止頁碼
[7]鍾文發.非線性規劃在可燃毒物配置中的應用[A].趙煒.運籌學的理論與應用——中國運籌學會第五屆大會論文集[C].西安:西安電子科技大學出版社,1996.468.
D:報紙文章
[序號]主要責任者.文獻題名[N].報紙名,出版日期(版次)
[8]謝希德.創造學習的新思路[N].人民日報,1998-12-25(10).
E:電子文獻
[文獻類型/載體類型標識]:[J/OL]網上期刊、[EB/OL]網上電子公告、
[M/CD]光碟圖書、[DB/OL]網上資料庫、[DB/MT]磁帶資料庫
[序號]主要責任者.電子文獻題名[電子文獻及載體類型標識].電子文獻的出版或獲得地址,發表更新日期/引用日期
[12]王明亮.關於中國學術期刊標准化資料庫系統工程的進展
[8]萬錦.中國大學學報文摘(1983-1993).英文版[DB/CD].北京:中國大網路全書出版社,1996.
作者.題名[D].所在城市:保存單位,發布年份.
李琳.住院燒傷患者綜合健康狀況及其影響因素研究[D].福州:福建醫科大學,2009.
其他的:
作者.題名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止頁碼.
沈平,彭湘粵,黎曉靜,等.臨床路徑應用於嬰幼兒呼吸道異物手術後的效果[J].中華護理雜志,2012,47(10):930-932.
作者.書名[M]. 版次.出版地: 出版者,出版年:起止頁碼.
胡雁.護理研究[M].第4版.北京:人民衛生出版社,2012:38.
作者.題名[N].報紙名,出版日期(版次).
丁文祥.數字革命與國際競爭[N].中國青年報,2000-11-20(15).
作者.題名[EB/OL].網址,發表日期/引用日期(任選).
世界衛生組織.關於患者安全的10個事實 [EB/OL].
其他: [R]、[P]、[A]、[C]、[Z]等。
⑵ 給提供兩個個論文的英文參考文獻
BEIJING -- For Jin Zhenghao, this November has been the most stressful month in his 25 years of life.
A financial engineering major at Xiamen University in southeast China's Fujian Province, Jin is desperately trying to find a job before graating in June 2009.
November is when the school gave him time to market himself to potential employers. Jin has sent resumes to nearly 30 companies, resulting in five interviews. So far, he has received no job offers.
Related readings:
Employment heads towards 'grim situation'
Job fairs opened for graates amid financial crisis
China opens nationwide job fairs for graates
Now, Jin is paying 2,000 yuan (US$293) a month to live in Shanghai, the country's financial hub, in hopes of securing more interviews.
"Companies either have few job vacancies or simply don't want new people," Jin told Xinhua over the phone. Only a year ago, he added, graates like him, would end up with job offers from several well-known international or domestic financial companies before graation.
"The situation is obviously very bad this year. The financial crisis is a major reason," said Jin. "I'm really worried."
Many financial companies, particularly international big names, have cut employees this year e to overseas problems in stock markets.
Jin is not the only one to feel the economic shockwave from the developed world. Thousands of factories which used to manufacture shoes, clothes or toys for export, have been closed or are struggling for survival as foreign orders declined.
This not only means there are more unemployed people, but also fewer opportunities for first-time job seekers.
Deputy Minister of Human Resources and Social Security Zhang Xiaojian said here on Thursday that 6.1 million college and university students will graate in the first half of next year.
An additional four million college students who graated in previous years have not found jobs and will also be vying for limited opportunities.
"If companies' demand for new employees drops significantly, finding a job will definitely become more difficult for college students," Zhang said.
Professor Yue Changjun, an expert on ecation and economy at Peking University in Beijing, told China Youth Daily that 67,000 private Chinese companies closed in the first half of this year.
According to Yue, this is a significant figure because private companies employed 34.2 percent of college graates last year.
"How come I can't find a job?" a Peking University student, anonymously named "Rebecca ycj", asked in a message posted on the university's online forum.
The law student said she applied for jobs at several firms, state-owned enterprises, banks and even a news agency, but every time she was refused.
Research from 51job.com, a popular job-seeking website in China, showed the financial service, real estate, foreign trade and manufacturing instries were the hardest hit sectors as a result of the economic slowdown.
The number of job vacancies in financial services, for example, dropped by 12 percent in the July-November period, compared with the same period of last year.
Zhang said the government, schools and students were moving quickly to try to address the difficulties.
A total of 259 job fairs are currently underway throughout China. Nearly 30,000 enterprises, government organs and public institutions will offer more than 500,000 jobs at those fairs before November 30, said Zhang.
"The major idea is to help college graates obtain employment information, create more job opportunities and encourage students to work in less developed geographical areas where they are welcomed," he said.
Prof. Li Daokui of Tsinghua University said because not all sectors are affected by the recession overseas, the prospect of employment isn't as dire as some people feel.
The government announced a 4 trillion yuan stimulus package to boost the economy and domestic demand.
"As long as China's economy maintains 9 percent growth, 10 million new jobs can be created every year," Li said.
Meanwhile, students are encouraged to think more creatively when applying for jobs, for example, they need to lower their salary expectations or consider working in rural instead of urban areas.
In a country with more than 1.3 billion people, college ecation used to be considered a guarantee for good income, a decent work place and a passport to big cities like Beijing and Shanghai. Things have changed now.
Jin said financial risk management companies and consulting firms were his first choice for work because entry-level income can be at least 7,000 yuan a month.
"Now 5,000 yuan or even lower is acceptable, as long as I work in the financial field," he said.
The financial crisis has also made government jobs an unexpected favorite among graates.
A total of 775,000 people applied for a national examination to qualify as government servants. That's the highest number since 1994 and 130,000 people more than applied last year, said Yang Shiqiu, Deputy Minister of Human Resources and Social Security.
"Only 13,500 persons will be recruited, meaning less than two in every 100 people will succeed," he said.
以上為CHINA DAILY
⑶ 論文英文參考文獻 急求5本關於農村金融研究的英文版書籍
作者:Brealey,R., S.Myers and F. Allen, 書名:Corperate Finance版本及出版商:McGraw-Hill, 2006(8.Auflage)主要內容:贏利,風險分析,股票,證券發行,投資及融資相關本文來自: 中國經濟學教育科研網論壇( http://bbs.cenet.org.cn) 詳細出處參考: http://bbs.cenet.org.cn/dispbbs.asp?boardid=92513&ID=101272
⑷ 請給一下有關B2C網站融資的相關英文文獻,大約兩萬五千字母左右,做論文用,謝謝!
告訴樓主一個搞cnki維普萬方賬號的地方,就是在【師生聯盟】論壇里找。師生聯盟論壇成立2年了,裡面有大量免費的有效CNKI、維普、萬方賬號、文獻代理等資源,都是免費放送。
網路搜索一下「師生聯盟」,第一個鏈接就是。
另外,也可以去師生聯盟求助文獻,基本上5分鍾之內就有人幫你下載到了。求助文獻完全免費,速度快,不扣幣。
中文的CNKI、維普、萬方文獻,學位論文,超星、讀秀圖書,外文的sciencedirect,wiley,ACS,springer,blackwell,ieee,nature,science等各種中外資料庫,都可以輕松搞定。
⑸ 求論文"中小企業融資困境及解決對策"的外文參考文獻和中文翻譯一篇
http://wenku..com/view/aa2b20eab8f67c1cfad6b8c7.html
看看這個咋樣
⑹ 求 關於 融資 方面的國外論文參考文獻三個,必須是英文的,題目-作者-年份。
33.MAHE L P.Environment and Quality Standards in WTO New Protectionism in Agricultural Trade A European Perspective[R].
Edinburgh:Eight Annua1.Congress of European Agricultural Economists, 1996:36~42
34.LIDDLE B.Free trade and the environment—development system[J].Ecol Econ,2001,39:21~36
⑺ 急求關於中小企業融資的外文參考文獻
研究中小企業融資要參考的英文文獻
英文圖書和期刊類文獻:
[1]Allen N.Berger,Gregory F.Udell,「Relationship Lending and Lines of Credit in
Small FirmFinance,」Journal of Business,Vol.68,no.3.(1995),pp.351-381.
[2]Aghion,P.,Incomplete contracts approach to financial contracting,Review of
Economics Studies,1992,Vol.59,p473-494.
[3]Albertode,M.&JulioPindado.Determinants of capital structure:new evidence
from Spanish Panel data[J].Journal of Corporate Finance,2001,(7):77-99.
[4]A.N.Berger,N.H.Miller,M.A.Petersen,R.G.Rajan,J.C.Stein,2001,「Does
Function Follow Organizational Form?Evidence from the Lending Practices of
Large and Small Banks」,Board of Governors of Federal Reserve System
Working Paper.
[5]Azam,J.P.,B.Biais,M.Dia and C.Mauriel.Informal and Formal Credit Markets
and Credit Rationing in Cote D』Ivoire,Oxford Review of Economic Policy,
2001,17(4),520-532.
[6]Bernanke,B.S.,M.Gerler.Inside the Black Box:The Credit Channel of
Monetary Policy Transmission[J].Journal of Economic
Perspectives,1995,(9);27-48.
[7]Barbosa,E.&Moraes,C.,Determinants of the Firm』s Capital Structure:the
Case of the Very Small Enterprises,Working Paper from Econpapers,2003,
366-358。
[8]Barton,S.L.&Gordon,P.J.Corporate strategy and capital structure[J].
Strategic Management Journal,1988,9:623-632.
[9]Baxter,N.D.&Cragg,J.G.Corporate choice among long-term financing
instruments[J].Review of Economics and Statistics,1970,(52):225-235.
[10]Berger,A.N.,Udell,G.F.,RelationshipLending andLinesof Credit in Small
Firm Finance[J],Journal ofBusiness,1995,68,351—382.
[11]Berger,A.N.,Udell,and G.F.The Economics of Small Business Finance:
The Roles of Private Equity and Debts Markets in the Financial Growth
Cycle[J].Journal of Banking and Finance,1998,22(6):613-673.137
[12]Berger and Udell,Small Business Credit Availability and Relationship
Lending:The Importance of Bank Organizational Structure[J],Economic
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[13]Booth,Laurence,Varouj Aivazian,Asli Demirguckunt&Vojislav Maksimovie.
Capital structures in developing countries[J].Journal of Finance,2001,
(56):87-130.
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structure:theory and evidence[J].Journal of Finance,1984,(39):857-880.
[15]Brander,J.A.&Lewis,T.R.Oligopoly and financial structure:the limited
liability effect[J].American Economic Review,1986,(76):956-970.
[16]Chang Chun.Capital structure as optimal contract[J].North American Journal
of Economics and Finance,1999,(10):363-385.
[17]Cole,R·A·,Goldberg,L·G·&White,L·J·Cookie-cutter versus character:The
micro structure of small business lending by large and small banks[J]·Journal
of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,2004,39,pp227-251.
[18]Collins,J.M.&Sekely,W.S.The relationship of headquarters country and
instry classification to financial structure[J].Financial Management,1983,
(3):45-51.
[19]David F.Scott,John D.Martin.Instry Influence on Financial Structure[J].
Financila Management,Spring,1975,67-73.
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[21]Durand,David,1952,Cost of Debt and Equity Funds for Business:Trends and
Problems of Measurement,Conference on Research in Business Finance,
National Bureau of Economic Research,New York,p215-247.
[22]Eli Schwartz and J Richard Aronson.1967.Some Surrogate Evidence in
Support of the Concept of Optimal Financial Structure[J].Journal of Finance.
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[23]Enunza,VR.Determinants of financial structure in the central American
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[24]Fama,E.&Jensen,M.C.Ageney Problem and resial claims.Journal of Law
and Economics,1983,(26):327-349.
[25]Frank M.Z.,GoyalV.K.Testing the Pecking Order Theory of Capital Structure.138
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[26]Gilson,S.Tansaction cost and capital structure choice:evidences from
financially distressed firms[J].Journal of finance,1997,(52):161-195.
[27]Grossman,S.&Hart,O.Corporate financial structure and managerial in
incentives[J].In McCall,J.Ed.The economic of information uncertainty[M].
Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1982:107-137.
[28]Hall,G.,Hutchinson,P.&Michaelas,N.Instry effects on the determinants
of unquoted SMEs』capital structure[J].International Journal of the Economics
of Business,2000,(7):297-312.
[29]Harris,M.&Raviv,A.The theory of capital structure[J].Journal of Finance,
1991,(46):297-355.
[30]Jensen,M.&Meckling,W.Theory of the firm:managerial behavior,agency
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[31]Jordan,J.,Lowe,J.&Taylor,P.Strategy and financial policy in UK small firms
[J].Journal of Business Finance and Accounting,1998,(25):1-27.
[32]Jose Lopez-Gracia&Cristina Aybar-Arias.An empirical approach to the
financial behavior of small and medium sized companies[J].Small Business
Economics,2000,14(l):55-63.
[33]Kane,A.,Marcus,A.J.&McDonald,R.L.How big is the tax advantage to
debt[J].Journal of Finance,1984,(39):841-853.
[34]Kester C W.Capital and ownership structure:A comparison of United States
and Japanese manufacturing corporations[J].FinancialManagement,1986(15):
5-16.
[35]Kim W S,Sorensen E H.Evidence on the impact of the agency costs of debt in
corporate debt policy[J].Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,1986,
21:131-144.
[36]Lee Remmers.Instry and Size as Debt Ratio Determinants in Manufacturing
Internationally[J].Financial Management,summer.,2002(5),67-78.
[37]Long,M.&Maltiz,L.The investment-financing nexus:some empirical
evidence[J].Midland Corporate Finance Journal,1985,(3):53-59.
[38]Marsh,P.The choice between equity and debt:an empirical study[J].Journal of
Finance,1982,(37):121-144.139
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Vietnam[J].Quaterly Journal of Economics,1999,114(4):1285-1320.
[40]Mian,S.,and C.W...Smith.Accounts Receivable Management Policy:Theory
and Evidence,Journal of Finance,1992,47:169-200.
[41]Ming fang Li&Roy L.S.Environmental dynamism,capital structure and
innovation:an empirical test[J].The International Journal of Organizational
Analysis,2002,(10):169-179.
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theory of investment[J].American Economic Review,1958(58),261-297.
[43]Mreton H.Miller.Debt&Taxes.The Journal of Finance,Vol.XXXII,No.2,
May 1977,pp.261~275.
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[45]Myers,S.The capital structure puzzle[J].Journal of Finance,1984,
39(3):575-592..
[46]Myers,S.&Majlu,N.Corporate financing and investment decisions when
firms have information that investors do not have[J].Journal of Financial
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Terms Used in Interfirm Trade[J].Journal of Finance,1999,(54);1109-1129.
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Evidence from Small Business Data,the Journal of Finance,1994,XLIX,3-37.
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Cambridge:AtThe University Press,1951.
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Inter-Instry Differences in Leverage[J].Financial Management.Winter:
10-20.
[53]Ross.The determination of financial structure:The incentive signaling
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⑻ 能再發一份 文化產業融資 的外文文獻
先到網路文庫,找一篇此類文檔中文的,然後用有道翻譯,或是谷歌在線翻譯翻成英
文,然後把英文放上面,中文放下面。希望可以幫到你。如果要找標準的PDF格式外文文
獻,可以在谷歌,用英文文獻名+空格+PDF 這樣比較容易找到。
第一是Google搜索,主要是英文,尤其是其學術搜索,意義大。
第二,通過各大學圖書館系統,進入幾個主流的出版發行集團。
第三,利用網路免費儲存、電子書系統。尤其是國外多。
1、論文題目:要求准確、簡練、醒目、新穎。
2、目錄:目錄是論文中主要段落的簡表。(短篇論文不必列目錄)
3、提要:是文章主要內容的摘錄,要求短、精、完整。字數少可幾十字,多不超過三百字為宜。
4、關鍵詞或主題詞:關鍵詞是從論文的題名、提要和正文中選取出來的,是對表述論文的中心內容有實質意義的詞彙。關鍵詞是用作機系統標引論文內容特徵的詞語,便於信息系統匯集,以供讀者檢索。每篇論文一般選取3-8個詞彙作為關鍵詞,另起一行,排在「提要」的左下方。主題詞是經過規范化的詞,在確定主題詞時,要對論文進行主題,依照標引和組配規則轉換成主題詞表中的規范詞語。
5、論文正文:(1)引言:引言又稱前言、序言和導言,用在論文的開頭。引言一般要概括地寫出作者意圖,說明選題的目的和意義, 並指出論文寫作的范圍。引言要短小精悍、緊扣主題。〈2)論文正文:正文是論文的主體,正文應包括論點、論據、論證過程和結論。主體部分包括以下內容:a.提出-論點;b.分析問題-論據和論證;c.解決問題-論證與步驟;d.結論。
6、一篇論文的參考文獻是將論文在和寫作中可參考或引證的主要文獻資料,列於論文的末尾。參考文獻應另起一頁,標注方式按《GB7714-87文後參考文獻著錄規則》進行。中文:標題--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期):作者--標題--出版物信息所列參考文獻的要求是:(1)所列參考文獻應是正式出版物,以便讀者考證。(2)所列舉的參考文獻要標明序號、著作或文章的標題、作者、出版物信息。
一,選題要新穎。
這次我的論文的成功,和高分,得到導師的贊許,都是因為我論文的選題新穎所給我帶來的好處。最好涉及護理新領域,以及新進展,這樣會給人耳目一新的感覺。
二,大量文獻做基礎
仔細查閱和你論文題目和研究范圍相關的文獻,大量的文獻查閱會你的論文寫作鋪墊,借鑒別人的思路,和好的語言。而且在寫作過程不會覺得語言平乏,當然也要自己一定的語言功底做基矗
三,一氣呵成
做好充分的准備,不要每天寫一些,每天改一些,這樣會打斷自己的思路,影響文章的連貫。
四,盡量採用多的專業術語
可能口語化的表達會給人帶來親切感,但論文是比較專業的形式,是有可能做為文獻來查閱和檢索的,所以論文語言的專業化,術語化會提升自己論文的水平。
五,用正規格式書寫
參考正規的論文文獻,論文格式。不要因為格式問題,而影響到你論文的質量。
六,最好在計算機上完成寫作過程
如果有條件最好利用電腦來完成寫作過程,好處以下幾點:1,節省時間,無論打字的速度慢到什麼程度,肯定要比手寫的快。2,方便,大量的文獻放在手邊,一個一個查閱是很不方便的,文獻都是用資料庫編輯,所以都是在電腦上完成。提前先在電腦上摘要出重點,寫出提綱,隨時翻閱,方便寫作。3,修改編輯,在電腦隨時對文章進行修改編輯都是非常的方便。4,隨時存檔,寫一段,存一段,防止突然停電,或者電腦當機。本人就是吃了這個大虧,一個晚上的勞動,差點就全沒了,幸虧男友是電腦高手,幫我找回。否則就恨著電腦,哭死算了。
七,成稿列印好交給導師
無論你的字寫的多麼優美,還是按照慣例來,列印出的文字顯的正規,而且交流不存在任何的問題,不會讓導師因為看不懂你的龍飛鳳舞,而低估你的論文。而且干凈整潔,女孩子不僅注意自己的形象問題,書面的東西也反映你的修養和氣質。
八,聽取導師意見,仔細修改
導師會給你一些關於你論文建設性的意見,仔細參考,認真修改。畢竟導師是發表過多篇論文,有頗多的經驗。
2,
網路學術可以找到參考文獻,輸入關鍵詞,在輸入年份,就能找到相對應的參考文獻。如果不知道參考文獻格式要求,可以網路搜,參考文獻自動生成器。直接按著填就出來了。
網路搜索參考文獻自動生成器,按著裡面填,點生成參考文獻就出來了。
參考文獻標准格式
參考文獻類型:專著[M],論文集[C],報紙文章[N],期刊文章[J],學位論文[D],報告[R],標准[S],專利[P],論文集中的析出文獻[A]
電子文獻類型:資料庫[DB],計算機[CP],電子公告[EB]
電子文獻的載體類型:互聯網[OL],光碟[CD],磁帶[MT],磁碟[DK]
A:專著、論文集、學位論文、報告
[序號]主要責任者.文獻題名[文獻類型標識].出版地:出版者,出版年.起止頁碼(可選)
[1]劉國鈞,陳紹業.圖書館目錄[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1957.15-18.
B:期刊文章
[序號]主要責任者.文獻題名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止頁碼
[1]何齡修.讀南明史[J].中國史研究,1998,(3):167-173.
[2]OU J P,SOONG T T,et al.Recent advance in research on applications of passive energy dissipation systems[J].Earthquack Eng,1997,38(3):358-361.
C:論文集中的析出文獻
[序號]析出文獻主要責任者.析出文獻題名[A].原文獻主要責任者(可選).原文獻題名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年.起止頁碼
[7]鍾文發.非線性規劃在可燃毒物配置中的應用[A].趙煒.運籌學的理論與應用——中國運籌學會第五屆大會論文集[C].西安:西安電子科技大學出版社,1996.468.
D:報紙文章
[序號]主要責任者.文獻題名[N].報紙名,出版日期(版次)
[8]謝希德.創造學習的新思路[N].人民日報,1998-12-25(10).
E:電子文獻
[文獻類型/載體類型標識]:[J/OL]網上期刊、[EB/OL]網上電子公告、
[M/CD]光碟圖書、[DB/OL]網上資料庫、[DB/MT]磁帶資料庫
[序號]主要責任者.電子文獻題名[電子文獻及載體類型標識].電子文獻的出版或獲得地址,發表更新日期/引用日期
[12]王明亮.關於中國學術期刊標准化資料庫系統工程的進展
[8]萬錦.中國大學學報文摘(1983-1993).英文版[DB/CD].北京:中國大網路全書出版社,1996.
作者.題名[D].所在城市:保存單位,發布年份.
李琳.住院燒傷患者綜合健康狀況及其影響因素研究[D].福州:福建醫科大學,2009.
其他的:
作者.題名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止頁碼.
沈平,彭湘粵,黎曉靜,等.臨床路徑應用於嬰幼兒呼吸道異物手術後的效果[J].中華護理雜志,2012,47(10):930-932.
作者.書名[M]. 版次.出版地: 出版者,出版年:起止頁碼.
胡雁.護理研究[M].第4版.北京:人民衛生出版社,2012:38.
作者.題名[N].報紙名,出版日期(版次).
丁文祥.數字革命與國際競爭[N].中國青年報,2000-11-20(15).
作者.題名[EB/OL].網址,發表日期/引用日期(任選).
世界衛生組織.關於患者安全的10個事實 [EB/OL].
其他: [R]、[P]、[A]、[C]、[Z]等。
⑼ 畢業論文 (社會資本與融資)的開題報告 和摘要,還有摘要的英文翻譯怎麼寫!急急急~
你好啊,你的社會資本與融資開題報告選題定了沒?開題報告選題老師同意了嗎?准備往哪個方向寫?
開題報告學校具體格式准備好了沒?准備寫多少字還有什麼不懂不明白的可以問我,希望可以幫到你,祝開題報告選題順利通過,畢業論文寫作過程順利。
課題研究的基本方法主要有: ⑴ 觀察法.⑵ 調查法.⑶ 測驗法.⑷ 行動研究法.⑸ 文獻法 ⑹ 經驗總結法.⑺ 個案研究法.⑻ 案例研究法.⑼ 實驗法 (在一個課題研究過程中,根據不同的研究目的和要求,往往會用到兩種以上方法)
(1)選題的背景和意義主要說明所選課題的歷史背景、國內外研究現狀和發展趨勢。歷史背景部分著重說明本課題前人研究過,研究成果如何。國內外研究現狀部分說明本課題目前在國內外研究狀況,介紹各種觀點,比較各種觀點的異同,著重說明本課題目前存在的爭論焦點,同時說明自己的觀點。發展趨勢部分說明本課題目前國內外研究已經達到什麼水平,還存在什麼問題以及發展趨勢等,指明研究方向,提出可以解決的方法。開題報告寫這些內容一方面可以論證本課題研究的地位和價值,即選題的意義,包括對選題的理論意義和現實意義的說明;另一方面也可以說明開題報告撰寫者對本課題研究是否有較好的把握。
(2)研究的基本內容和擬解決的主要問題相對於選題的意義而言,研究的基本內容與擬解決的主要問題是比較具體的。畢業設計(論文)選題想說明什麼主要問題,結論是什麼,在開題報告中要作為研究的基本內容給予粗略的,但必須是清楚的介紹。研究基本內容可以分幾部分介紹。
(3) 研究方法及措施選題不同,研究方法則往往不同。研究方法是否正確,會影響到畢業設計(論文)的水平,甚至成敗。在開題報告中,學生要說明自己准備採用什麼樣的研究方法。比如調查研究中的抽樣法、問卷法,論文論證中的實證分析法、比較分析法等。寫明研究方法及措施,是要爭取在這些方面得到指導老師的指導或建議。
(4) 研究工作的步驟、進度。課題研究工作的步驟和進度也就是課題研究在時間和順序上的安排。畢業設計(論文)創作過程中,材料的收集、初稿的寫作、論文的修改等,都要分階段進行,每個階段從什麼時間開始,到什麼時間結束都要有規定。在時間安排上,要充分考慮各個階段研究內容的相互關系和難易程度。對於指導教師在任務書中規定的時間安排,學生應在開題報告中給予呼應,並最後得到批准。學生在實際操作中,時間安排一般應提前一點,千萬別前松後緊,也不能虎頭蛇尾,完不成畢業設計(論文)的撰寫任務。
(5) 主要參考文獻。在開題報告中,同樣需列出參考文獻,這在實際上是介紹了自己的准備情況,表明自己已了解所選課題相關的資料源,證明選題是有理論依據的。在所列的參考文獻中,同樣應具備不少於2篇的外文文獻 。