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中小企业银行融资英文文献综述

发布时间: 2021-06-13 00:42:01

『壹』 有关“中小企业融资困境及对策”的英文文献、杂志、或期刊名

你好!中国欣业问问解答团队很高兴为您解答!此答案引自网络: 建议看一下: http://..com/question/98953036.html Commercial Financing Solutions - Think Outside The Bank July,2007 by Stephen Bush Commercial financing borrowers are likely to feel that a traditional bank is their best source for business financing. However, because most traditional banks focus on a small number of established instries, non-traditional (non-bank) and non-local commercial lenders should be considered for most commercial financing situations. Therefore the recommended commercial financing strategy (as discussed in this article) is to Think Outside the Bank”. There are several commercial financing situations in which commercial borrowers will frequently find that non-traditional commercial lenders are better positioned to provide terms that are more advantageous to the commercial borrower: (1) Business cash advance and credit card factoring programs; (2) commercial mortgage loans; and (3) credit card processing programs. In some cases a traditional bank will offer to provide commercial financing but will attach excessively stringent terms and covenants. In other cases a traditional bank will decline the commercial financing outright, perhaps because they do not even provide business financing to the commercial borrower’s particular instry. In either case, the commercial borrower is likely to benefit by Thinking Outside the Bank”. As I noted in an earlier commercial financing article, in many non-competitive business financing situations it is not unusual for a local traditional bank to impose harsher commercial financing terms than would typically be seen in a more competitive business financing market. Such traditional banks routinely take advantage of a relative lack of other commercial lenders in their local market. An appropriate response by commercial borrowers is to seek out non-bank commercial financing options. It is neither necessary nor wise for commercial borrowers to depend only upon local traditional banks for commercial financing solutions. For most commercial financing situations, a non-local and non-bank commercial lender is likely to provide improved business financing terms because they are accustomed to competing aggressively with other commercial lenders. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE ONE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Business Cash Advance and Credit Card Receivables Programs Most businesses that accept credit cards in their business will qualify for a business cash advance with their credit card receivables. Traditional banks will typically be very poor candidates to consider if a business needs assistance with credit card factoring and business cash advances. Because even thriving businesses frequently need more cash than they can borrow from a bank, it can be of critical importance for a business to Think Outside the Bank” and locate non-traditional lenders to assist with this commercial financing need. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE TWO - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Commercial Mortgage Loans Two of the most common commercial financing difficulties experienced by commercial borrowers can be avoided if they Think Outside the Bank”. The first commercial financing situation is the prevailing practice of traditional banks to avoid most special purpose properties (such as funeral homes and churches). The second commercial financing situation is the typical practice of most commercial banks to attach balloon and/or recall provisions to their commercial loans (which means that the bank can require early repayment of the commercial loan under various conditions). Both of these undesirable commercial financing situations can usually and easily be avoided by considering a non-traditional and non-bank lender. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE THREE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Credit Card Processing Programs The choice of an appropriate credit card processing service can be instrumental in improving the profitability of businesses with a high volume of credit card activity. The analysis of credit card processing providers can be effectively combined with the credit card factoring and credit card receivables process described above. In assessing a business cash advance program, it is frequently possible to simultaneously arrange for a substantial improvement in the merchant’s credit card processing program. Because traditional banks are usually not competitive in providing assistance with credit card factoring, it is equally likely that a non-traditional lender will be the primary source of effective and competitive help with credit card processing. A closing commercial financing thought: I have written an earlier commercial financing article about commercial lenders to avoid. It should be noted that there are in fact both traditional and non-traditional (non-bank) lenders which should be avoided. So when commercial borrowers Think Outside the Bank”, it is still of critical importance that they are prepared to avoid a wide variety of problematic non-traditional commercial lenders in their search for viable commercial financing, especially when it involves business cash advance (credit card receivables and credit card factoring) programs, credit card processing services and commercial real estate financing. 商业融资解决方案-比如银行外 2007年7月由Stephen布什 商业融资的借款人可能会认为,传统的银行是他们的最佳来源的商业融资。然而,由于大多数传统银行侧重于少数设立工业,非传统(非银行)和非本地商业银行应考虑大多数商业融资的情况。因此,建议商业融资战略(如本文中讨论)是跳出本行“ 。 有几个商业融资情况下,商业借款人常常发现,非传统的商业银行将能够更好地提供的条件更有利的商业借款人: ( 1 )商业透支现金和信用卡保理业务程序; ( 2 )商业按揭贷款;和( 3 )信用卡处理程序。在某些情况下,传统的银行将提供商业融资,但附加条件过于严格和盟约。在其他情况下,传统的银行将下降彻底的商业融资,这可能是因为他们甚至不提供商业融资,商业借款人的特定行业。在这两种情况下,商业借款人可能会受益于银行外思考“ 。 正如我在较早的商业融资的文章,在许多非竞争企业融资情况下,它并没有什么不寻常的地方传统的银行实行更加严厉的商业融资条件比通常被视为在一个更具竞争力的企业融资市场。这种传统的银行通常利用相对缺乏其他商业银行在其当地市场。作出适当的反应是由商业借款人寻求非银行的商业融资方案。这是既无必要,也明智的商业借款取决于只有在当地传统的商业银行融资解决方案。对于大多数商业融资的情况下,非本地和非银行的商业银行有可能提供更好的企业融资条件,因为他们所熟悉的竞争积极与其他商业银行。 商业融资比如-比如银行外 企业现金和信用卡应收帐款程序 大多数企业认为接受信用卡将在其业务资格的商业现金透支的信用卡应收款。传统的银行通常会是非常贫穷的候选人,以考虑是否需要援助业务与保理业务和信用卡业务现金垫款。因为即使是蓬勃发展的企业往往需要更多的现金,他们可以比银行贷款,它可以是极其重要的商业银行外的思考“ ,并找到非传统的贷款,以协助这个商业融资的需要。 商业融资两名-比如银行外 商业按揭贷款 两个最常见的商业融资遇到困难的商业贷款,可避免如果他们认为银行外“ 。第一商业融资情况是普遍存在的做法,传统的银行,以避免最特殊用途性质(如殡仪馆和教堂) 。第二商业融资的情况是典型的做法,大多数商业银行的重视气球和/或召回规定的商业贷款(这意味着银行可以要求提前偿还的商业贷款不同条件下) 。这两种不良商业融资的情况,通常可以很容易地避免和审议了非传统和非银行贷款。 商业融资例3 -比如银行外 信用卡处理程序 选择一个适当的信用卡处理服务,可有助于改善企业的盈利与大量的信用卡活动。分析信用卡处理供应商,才能有效地结合信用卡保理业务和信用卡应收款上述进程。在评估企业现金透支程序时,它常常是有可能同时安排大大提高商家的信用卡处理程序。由于传统的银行通常是没有竞争力,在提供援助信用卡保理业务中,也同样可能是一个非传统的贷款将是主要来源的有效和有竞争力的帮助,信用卡处理。 闭幕商业融资认为:我已经写的早期商业融资文章商业银行,以避免。应当指出的是,事实上,传统和非传统(非银行)贷款,应加以避免。因此,当借款人跳出商业银行“ ,它仍然是至关重要的,它们准备,以避免各种问题的非传统的商业银行在寻求可行的商业融资,尤其是当它涉及业务现金透支(信用卡应收款和信用卡保理)程序,信用卡处理服务和商业房地产融资。

『贰』 中小企业融资的文献综述

文献综述是对某一方面的专题搜集大量情报资料后经综合分析而写成的一种学术论文, 它是科学文献的一种。
格式与写法
文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果,特别是阳性结果,而文献综述要求向读者介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样,但总的来说,一般都包含以下四部分:即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲,在根据提纲进行撰写工。
前言部分,主要是说明写作的目的,介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围,扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点,使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。
主题部分,是综述的主体,其写法多样,没有固定的格式。可按年代顺序综述,也可按不同的问题进行综述,还可按不同的观点进行比较综述,不管用那一种格式综述,都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较,阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向,以及对这些问题的评述,主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。
总结部分,与研究性论文的小结有些类似,将全文主题进行扼要总结,对所综述的主题有研究的作者,最好能提出自己的见解。 参考文献虽然放在文末,但却是文献综述的重要组成部分。因为它不仅表示对被引用文献作者的尊重及引用文献的依据,而且为读者深入探讨有关问题提供了文献查找线索。因此,应认真对待。参考文献的编排应条目清楚,查找方便,内容准确无误。关于参考文献的使用方法,录著项目及格式与研究论文相同,不再重复。

『叁』 请大家帮我找一篇关于《中小企业融资方式选择》的外国文献,并且附中文翻译。

SMEs in the country's economic and social development that plays an important role in the economic development and social stability of the important pillars in the actual work of financing constraints SME development has become the main obstacle.
In this paper, the status of financing for SMEs, the SME financing analysis factors. SME credit culture that loss, financial management confusion, poor economic returns, lack of credit guarantees, domestic financial instry and the integration of its own loans in the current austerity is the main obstacle to SME financing. Proposed solutions should focus on the current development of small and medium banks, establishing a sound credit guarantee system problems to a fundamental breakthrough in getting loans for SMEs bottlenecks contradictions. At the same time, from the perspective of building their own enterprises make policy recommendations.
中小企业在我国经济和社会发展中具有举足轻重の作用,是经济发展和社会稳定の重要支柱,而在实际工作中,融资难已成为制约中小企业发展の主要障碍。
本文针对中小企业融资难の现状,系统分析了中小企业融资难の主要原因。指出中小企业信用文化の缺失、财务管理混乱、经济效益差、缺乏信用担保、国内金融业自身の整合与贷款紧缩是我国当前中小企业融资の主要障碍。提出当前应重点解决发展中小银行、建立健全信用担保体系等方面问题,以便从根本突破中小企业贷款难の瓶颈矛盾。同时,从企业自身建设の角度提出政策建议。

『肆』 急求关于中小企业融资的外文参考文献

研究中小企业融资要参考的英文文献
英文图书和期刊类文献:

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『伍』 【求助】求关于银行对中小企业贷款风险方面的外文文献原文及译文

去摆渡上查查啊
商业银行对中小企业贷款的风险与防范

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http://finance.sina.com.cn 2004年09月27日 11:36 中国经济时报

-张礼庆 黄平

目前,我国中小企业在国民经济发展中的作用和地位问题,越来越受到各方面的关注。由于中小企业的经营记录不够完全,财务信息可信度低,抵押物不足,经营风险大,因此,在有大企业进行选择的情况下,金融机构普遍不愿意对中小企业融资,无论是国内还是国外,中小企业融资难的现象都普遍存在。

一、对中小企业融资规律的认识

中小企业的融资需求,有其内在的规律,设计融资制度,必须对此做出深入的研究。

1、中小企业的融资需求动机

从宏观看,中小企业的融资需求决定于业主选择的分工状态,通过融资制度,使更多的产业组织测试成为可能。在这方面,中小企业的融资需求主要分为两类:一是创业需求,这是一种投资需求。其动机在于以劳动力市场的交易费用代替交易费用,然后得到成本节约的利益;二是发展融资的需求,这既包含交易动机,也包含投资动机。在发展的过程中,自有资金比例的下降,财务杠杆的上升,意味着用自有资金承担的风险相对降低,也意味着风险向社会的转移。从微观看,中小企业的融资需求取决于资本结构,在中小企业发展的不同阶段,以及不同治理结构、不同业主的中小企业,融资需求特征不一致,融资方式、融资总量的选择也不同。

2、中小企业的融资方式选择

不同组织结构的中小企业,融资方式选择的倾向性会有所差异,如非公司制企业通常选择间接融资,而合伙企业通常不会融资。所有制不同,也会对中小企业融资方式的选择产生影响,如国有中小企业通常依赖国有银行的融资,民营企业则较多的依赖于民间金融进行直接融资。

3、中小企业融资难点

从直接融资看,中小企业的融资难点在于信息不对称。由于直接融资方式要求资金的使用者通过信息批露及公正的会计、审计等第三者监督的方式来提高经营状况的透明度。信息不透明的程度越高,资金提供者要求的在让渡资金时所要求的风险补偿就越高。中小企业的信用记录缺乏,财务信息也可能不可靠,因而,在直接融资中,中小企业必须支付远远高于大企业的资金成本,这是中小企业难以通过上市公开募集资金的主要原因。

从间接融资看,站在银行角度考虑,中小企业的融资难点主要有以下几点:(1)中小企业数量多、类别复杂、单个贷款规模小,造成银行经营成本增加;(2)由于中小企业担保难,资信不够,抵押品种少,经营中抗风险能力弱,致使银行在风险机制约束下不愿涉足;(3)中小企业融资需求频率高,时间短,增加了银行的流动性管理困难;(4)中小企业为便于竞争不愿公开太多的内部信息,造成银行信用调查难,因而银行往往将中小企业拒之门外。

4、中小企业融资风险的控制

对中小企业融资,一方面,由于抵押物和担保品不足,融资风险本身较高;另一方面,逆向选择加大了中小企业的融资风险。因此,对中小企业的融资风险要有深入的认识。

从风险控制看,中小企业融资风险可以分为道德风险和非道德风险。所谓道德风险,指中小企业利用自己的信息优势损害投资者利益,从而导致的投资风险。所谓非道德风险,就是中小企业在经营活动中形成的风险,不同的中小企业经营目标取向和管理者才能有差异,风险收益也不会一样。非道德风险是可以预测的,也是可以通过融资制度的设计去分散并控制的。

从银行角度看,中小企业的道德风险较一般的大企业高,原因在于其贷款抵押物不足。其实,这只是由于符合银行偏好的抵押物不足。除了资产,中小企业还有很多替代担保品,如自有资本比率,企业自有资本比率越高,则其自身承担的风险就越高,对项目风险控制就越严格。

二、中小企业间接融资风险的解决办法

当前我国中小企业的状况,主要有以下几个特点:一是大部分企业没有真正建立起现代企业制度,体制不顺,机制不活,有的企业虽然进行了体制改革,但是名不符实;二是管理不规范,相当部分企业法人和管理人员素质有待提高。一些企业管理混乱,财务不实,报表失真,甚至依据不同的需要,随心所欲地编制或提供种种虚假报表;三是整体经济效益差,抗风险能力弱。主要是企业亏损面广,有的亏损额大,同时,企业的资本金少,固定资产规模小,可供贷款担保抵押的有效资产不足;四是资信状况差,一方面企业信用等级普遍不高,可供银行选择的优良客户不多,另一方面,部分企业信用意识淡薄,重贷轻还,随意拖欠贷款本息,有的甚至恶意逃债、赖债、废债,损坏了中小企业的形象,降低了中小企业的信用度。

在这种情况下,金融中介机构在发放贷款时必须控制风险,加强风险管理和流动性管理。

1、风险管理

⑴控制融资额度,不以融资需求为唯一标准。

中小企业间接融资的增加,意味着中小企业的经营风险向间接融资体系的转移。因而,银行等金融机构不能完全以中小企业融资需求作为决定贷款额度的唯一依据,而是要充分考虑到中小企业的自有资金状况和经营状况。一方面,可以根据中小企业生产经营中可以预见的收入流来估计其还贷水平并确定贷款额度;另一方面,银行可以根据中小企业自有资金数量确定一个贷款上限,只要融资总量没有超过自有资金的量,作为债权人的银行就没有承担主要风险,对中小企业的融资约束就可以相对放松。

⑵ 采用替代性的担保方式

抵押物不足和难以获得信用担保是中小企业融资的固有特征,应该考虑以替代的方式解决担保问题,这样,既可以满足银行经营管理中风险控制的要求,又适应了中小企业的现实情况,以下是集中替代性的担保方式:

① 变企业担保为个人担保。对于中小企业来说,由于其经营者和所有者在大多数情况下是统一的,因此将对企业的信贷转化为对个人的信贷基本上是一致的。但对银行的信贷管理则不同,个人信贷侧重于考察顾客的品格、声望、学历水平、金融历史记录、收入流和负债能力等,担保审查也比较宽松。从国外的金融实践来看,此类转变对激励客户还贷有积极作用,并有助于精简贷款手续,提高银行对融资需求的反应速度。

② 群体担保。由于族群关系,社区关系的存在,中小企业及其经营者往往存在一个关系相对密切的种族、宗族群体。由这些群体为中小企业提供担保,能有效减少监督成本甚至交易成本。这一方面是由于如果中小企业恶意逃债,而群体代位赔付,将导致中小企业及其经营者失去群体的支持,这是极其高昂的成本;另一方面,同一社区的成员常常十分了解各自的信用状况,人们会对加入者的信用状况做出谨慎选择,往往有意识地排除信用不好的人,降低了银行的筛选成本。

③ 强制储蓄。有的金融机构要求其贷款申请者事前参加储蓄计划,定期存入一定现金,并且在贷款未清偿前,不得退出储蓄计划,这实际是一种替代性的担保措施。这类强制储蓄措施在一定程度上也能起到督促还贷的作用。

④ 还贷激励。在借款者及时归还本息后会给予其一定的利息返还,以作为按时还本付息的鼓励,这也有助于鼓励中小企业的还贷行为,降低中小企业的贷款风险。

⑤ 利用政策性担保体系。当中小企业符合政策扶持要求,需要融资,但担保品不足时,政策性金融机构会为中小企业提供担保,以保障中小企业得到商业性金融机构的融资。如果风险确实发生,类似于中小企业基金之类的担保机构则会履行代位清偿职能,清偿商业银行部分本金,并承担追讨欠款的相应职责,这也一定程度上保证了商业银行资金的安全性。

⑶ 通过提供附加服务,增加收益。银行为中小企业提供综合性服务,一方面,可以扩大银行的盈利来源,另一方面,可以提高中小企业的竞争力,从而降低银行融资风险,增强银行的盈利能力。

2、流动性管理

⑴ 根据实际服务对象设计不同的贷款方式

针对中小企业的融资特点,根据不同中小企业特殊的现金流状况、支付频率,为其设计特殊的贷款方式及还款方式。国外金融机构为中小企业推出了形式多样的贷款方式,许多与消费信贷十分类似,这就满足了中小企业的特殊的交易性的资金需求,同时也便于银行进行流动性管理。

⑵ 通过强制储蓄、再贷款等手段进行流动性管理

由于强制储蓄是贷款量的等比例缩减,因此,可以减轻银行等金融机构现金支出的波动性。通过向大型商业银行再融资或者向中央银行再贷款,商业银行能进一步减轻中小企业融资需求的波动性给流动性管理带来的困难。

(作者单位:平安信托有限公司 西南财经大学中国金融中心)

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『陆』 求论文"中小企业融资困境及解决对策"的外文参考文献和中文翻译一篇

http://wenku..com/view/aa2b20eab8f67c1cfad6b8c7.html
看看这个咋样

『柒』 急急急!!!!!!跪求有关中小企业融资问题的外文文献翻译 要求有作者和文章来源 不少于25000字节。

外文文献翻译成中文1000字左右): 【主要阅读文献不少于5篇,译文后附注文献信息,包括:作者、书名(或论文题目)、出 版 社(或刊物名称)、出版时间(或刊号)、页码。提供所译外文资料附件(印刷类含封面、封底、目录、翻译部分的复印件等,网站类的请附网址及原文】 中小企业融资的创新 中小企业融资的文件 尽管政府、银行和各金融机构采取了一系列的措施,中小企业仍面临着一些挑战,这是具有普遍性的。这些问题涉及到抵押问题,贷款难,拖延应收款,技术过时,营销道路不畅等。印度为了解决上述的问题,采取了一些新的融资工具并创建了新的融资体制。这些措施包括: 1. 小型工业的信用保证基金信托 印度政府与印度小企业发展银行,已成立了一个小型工业信用保证基金信托( CGTSI )实施保障计划。主体信托拟加强从目前的7亿到25亿美元。其主要目的是促进信用较低的小型企业的融资,鼓励银行向值得贷款的企业免除抵押方式的贷款。在过去三年间,有资格的小型工业的贷款约2.5万被纳入该计划之中且CGTSI担保贷款的信用机构的会员迄今已扩大到约18,000名,涉及的贷款额约3亿美元。CGTSI考虑今年把他们的业务增至与去年相比的三倍。一些新的信用保证制度,如相互信贷保证计划等类似的计划在意大利和欧洲其他国家也正在制订中。 2. 风险分担机制 虽然CGTSI延伸保证支付的贷款高达2.5万美元,但有需要提供担保的银行贷款超过上述限额。根据世界银行牵头筹资问题和发展中小企业的计划,有可能为中小企业引入的风险分担机制正在研究中。主理银行和独立机构之间将按同样的比例共同承担银行向中小企业贷款的风险。当然,该机制将按成本获得收益。这一机制到时候,将减轻银行的信贷风险和高级中小企业的资金问题。 3. 创业资金 关于新的资金来源,许多国家正在考虑放宽有关风险资本投资的规则。在印度也已经采取了各种措施这个方向发展。印度小企业发展银行以及其他一些机构在该国已经带头采取了促进风险投资。根据资料显示该银行已设立了16个国家一级/区域一级的资金,为软件和IT业设立了约1亿美元的国家基金,近来还新建立了约1亿美元的中小企业发展基金。该基金将致力于医药,生物技术,轻工程,软件和其他领域。中小企业发展基金预期将增至5亿美元。 4. 小额贷款 实现潜在的小额贷款将促进经济的增长,印度小企业发展银行一直把重点放在增加有能力的部门来处理信贷和小额贷款的支出的增加。印度小企业发展银行基金会的小额贷款运作部门,在2004年里已累计批准了710万美元的财政援助。根据该方案,过去4年累计援助的受益人超过100万,其中大部分是妇女。对于未解决的投资方案,有可能从2004年3月底910万美元增至今年年底的2亿美元。 5. 中小企业基金 印度政府和印度小企业发展银行最重要的部门之间所采取的行动是建立100亿美元的中小企业基金,以期推动资金流向中小企业。印度小企业发展银行经过仔细考虑,设立基金和开展其业务从2004年4月开始生效。按照规定,基金援助提供给利率在银行PLR基准点200以下的中小企业。通过中小企业发展银行办公厅向中小 企业提供的直接援助正在扩大,主要的贷款机构也提供9.5%利率的再融资。SFCs可可获得7.5%~8%利率的再融资的收益。除了SFCs外,通过商业银行,中小企业基金提供的援助用于路由。该基金的流动除了提升对中小企业的援助,还解决了跨部门的贷款费用问题。 6. 为中小企业设立一个专门的信用评级机构 为了解决信贷需求方面的问题,主动采取行动以支持机制的信息共享和信用评级。为了加强信贷信息和便于银行进行信贷决策,印度小企业发展银行已决定推出一个专门为中小企业的信用评级协会与公共部门银行。银行可以选择与公共部门的银行和信贷评级机构交流信息,本年度该机构就有可能开展业务。 7. 资产证券化 为了扩大中小企业的援助范围,资产证券化进程提供由发起人和channelise资金的载体购买中小企业的投资组合的机会。这样的组合可以被购买方保留,也可以根据资本市场的变动被出售给投资者。印度小企业发展银行最近已获准由印度政府开展的业务,进行资产证券化。

『捌』 哪位英语达人帮我翻译一个关于中小企业融资的外文文献吧!1

传统的智慧认为不足的中小企业融资是植根于"供方"功能很大程度上。 就是金融机构的运作的方式对提供中小企融资偏见 ; 作为结果很多银行及其它财务机构成为中涉及与中小型企业不感兴趣。 传统视图中突出显示多个因素,可能会限制金融机构。 若要开始,因为它们很难确定公司是否有能力 (既有可行的项目) 的薪酬和/或 (由于向道德风险) 支付意愿的 opaque.Opaqueness 意味着中小企融资难。 此 opaqueness 特别是削弱贷款从想从事更非人格化的机构或手臂长度融资的需要努力,目标和透明的信息。 第二,相对于大的公司中小企是更容易不拘特别在发展中国家。 这不仅使 opaqueness 糟糕的却也带来了更多的障碍和风险中小企业 lending.8,例如,银行不能借给中小型企业,更会保证公司不会报告可靠地他们全面金融活动对其财务 statements.9 再说,如果 informality 表示该公司有 unrecorded 或有高级负债政府和自己的员工。 面对这种风险: 税和/或劳动部门可能会导致这类责任具体化,银行会借少为中小型企业或收取更高的风险溢价。

(不好意思,有些词不会翻译。- -~~)

『玖』 急!中小企业融资的英文文献和翻译

除了下面给出的,你也可以看看我给其他人的回答
http://..com/question/98953036.html

Commercial Financing Solutions - Think Outside The Bank
July,2007 by Stephen Bush
Commercial financing borrowers are likely to feel that a traditional bank is their best source for business financing. However, because most traditional banks focus on a small number of established instries, non-traditional (non-bank) and non-local commercial lenders should be considered for most commercial financing situations. Therefore the recommended commercial financing strategy (as discussed in this article) is to Think Outside the Bank”.
There are several commercial financing situations in which commercial borrowers will frequently find that non-traditional commercial lenders are better positioned to provide terms that are more advantageous to the commercial borrower: (1) Business cash advance and credit card factoring programs; (2) commercial mortgage loans; and (3) credit card processing programs. In some cases a traditional bank will offer to provide commercial financing but will attach excessively stringent terms and covenants. In other cases a traditional bank will decline the commercial financing outright, perhaps because they do not even provide business financing to the commercial borrower’s particular instry. In either case, the commercial borrower is likely to benefit by Thinking Outside the Bank”.
As I noted in an earlier commercial financing article, in many non-competitive business financing situations it is not unusual for a local traditional bank to impose harsher commercial financing terms than would typically be seen in a more competitive business financing market. Such traditional banks routinely take advantage of a relative lack of other commercial lenders in their local market. An appropriate response by commercial borrowers is to seek out non-bank commercial financing options. It is neither necessary nor wise for commercial borrowers to depend only upon local traditional banks for commercial financing solutions. For most commercial financing situations, a non-local and non-bank commercial lender is likely to provide improved business financing terms because they are accustomed to competing aggressively with other commercial lenders.

COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE ONE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Business Cash Advance and Credit Card Receivables Programs

Most businesses that accept credit cards in their business will qualify for a business cash advance with their credit card receivables. Traditional banks will typically be very poor candidates to consider if a business needs assistance with credit card factoring and business cash advances. Because even thriving businesses frequently need more cash than they can borrow from a bank, it can be of critical importance for a business to Think Outside the Bank” and locate non-traditional lenders to assist with this commercial financing need.

COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE TWO - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Commercial Mortgage Loans

Two of the most common commercial financing difficulties experienced by commercial borrowers can be avoided if they Think Outside the Bank”. The first commercial financing situation is the prevailing practice of traditional banks to avoid most special purpose properties (such as funeral homes and churches). The second commercial financing situation is the typical practice of most commercial banks to attach balloon and/or recall provisions to their commercial loans (which means that the bank can require early repayment of the commercial loan under various conditions). Both of these undesirable commercial financing situations can usually and easily be avoided by considering a non-traditional and non-bank lender.

COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE THREE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Credit Card Processing Programs

The choice of an appropriate credit card processing service can be instrumental in improving the profitability of businesses with a high volume of credit card activity. The analysis of credit card processing providers can be effectively combined with the credit card factoring and credit card receivables process described above. In assessing a business cash advance program, it is frequently possible to simultaneously arrange for a substantial improvement in the merchant’s credit card processing program. Because traditional banks are usually not competitive in providing assistance with credit card factoring, it is equally likely that a non-traditional lender will be the primary source of effective and competitive help with credit card processing.

A closing commercial financing thought: I have written an earlier commercial financing article about commercial lenders to avoid. It should be noted that there are in fact both traditional and non-traditional (non-bank) lenders which should be avoided. So when commercial borrowers Think Outside the Bank”, it is still of critical importance that they are prepared to avoid a wide variety of problematic non-traditional commercial lenders in their search for viable commercial financing, especially when it involves business cash advance (credit card receivables and credit card factoring) programs, credit card processing services and commercial real estate financing.

商业融资解决方案-比如银行外
2007年7月由Stephen布什
商业融资的借款人可能会认为,传统的银行是他们的最佳来源的商业融资。然而,由于大多数传统银行侧重于少数设立工业,非传统(非银行)和非本地商业银行应考虑大多数商业融资的情况。因此,建议商业融资战略(如本文中讨论)是跳出本行“ 。
有几个商业融资情况下,商业借款人常常发现,非传统的商业银行将能够更好地提供的条件更有利的商业借款人: ( 1 )商业透支现金和信用卡保理业务程序; ( 2 )商业按揭贷款;和( 3 )信用卡处理程序。在某些情况下,传统的银行将提供商业融资,但附加条件过于严格和盟约。在其他情况下,传统的银行将下降彻底的商业融资,这可能是因为他们甚至不提供商业融资,商业借款人的特定行业。在这两种情况下,商业借款人可能会受益于银行外思考“ 。
正如我在较早的商业融资的文章,在许多非竞争企业融资情况下,它并没有什么不寻常的地方传统的银行实行更加严厉的商业融资条件比通常被视为在一个更具竞争力的企业融资市场。这种传统的银行通常利用相对缺乏其他商业银行在其当地市场。作出适当的反应是由商业借款人寻求非银行的商业融资方案。这是既无必要,也明智的商业借款取决于只有在当地传统的商业银行融资解决方案。对于大多数商业融资的情况下,非本地和非银行的商业银行有可能提供更好的企业融资条件,因为他们所熟悉的竞争积极与其他商业银行。

商业融资比如-比如银行外
企业现金和信用卡应收帐款程序

大多数企业认为接受信用卡将在其业务资格的商业现金透支的信用卡应收款。传统的银行通常会是非常贫穷的候选人,以考虑是否需要援助业务与保理业务和信用卡业务现金垫款。因为即使是蓬勃发展的企业往往需要更多的现金,他们可以比银行贷款,它可以是极其重要的商业银行外的思考“ ,并找到非传统的贷款,以协助这个商业融资的需要。

商业融资两名-比如银行外
商业按揭贷款

两个最常见的商业融资遇到困难的商业贷款,可避免如果他们认为银行外“ 。第一商业融资情况是普遍存在的做法,传统的银行,以避免最特殊用途性质(如殡仪馆和教堂) 。第二商业融资的情况是典型的做法,大多数商业银行的重视气球和/或召回规定的商业贷款(这意味着银行可以要求提前偿还的商业贷款不同条件下) 。这两种不良商业融资的情况,通常可以很容易地避免和审议了非传统和非银行贷款。

商业融资例3 -比如银行外
信用卡处理程序

选择一个适当的信用卡处理服务,可有助于改善企业的盈利与大量的信用卡活动。分析信用卡处理供应商,才能有效地结合信用卡保理业务和信用卡应收款上述进程。在评估企业现金透支程序时,它常常是有可能同时安排大大提高商家的信用卡处理程序。由于传统的银行通常是没有竞争力,在提供援助信用卡保理业务中,也同样可能是一个非传统的贷款将是主要来源的有效和有竞争力的帮助,信用卡处理。

闭幕商业融资认为:我已经写的早期商业融资文章商业银行,以避免。应当指出的是,事实上,传统和非传统(非银行)贷款,应加以避免。因此,当借款人跳出商业银行“ ,它仍然是至关重要的,它们准备,以避免各种问题的非传统的商业银行在寻求可行的商业融资,尤其是当它涉及业务现金透支(信用卡应收款和信用卡保理)程序,信用卡处理服务和商业房地产融资。

『拾』 哪位英语达人帮我翻译一个关于中小企业融资的外文文献吧!0

纯手工翻译,供参考。

银行参与中小企业融资:超越关系型贷款(降低贷款条件。)

近年来,中型和小型企业(中小企业)的融资问题,已成为致力于财政与经济发展工作的经济学家们和政策家们的重要议题,备受关注。这种趋势的原因在于,市场经济中,中小型企业占绝大多数,并解决了大份额的就业问题(Hallberg,2001)。此外,多数大型企业通常是由小型企业发展而来,因此,中小型企业的发展投资能力正是经济体进一步繁荣的关键。

同时,许多学者与政策家指出,中小型企业的融资问题在于缺乏合适的融资渠道,并理应得到特殊帮助。如,政府应出台增加贷款金额等相关政策。各类研究数据表明了此看法的正确性。举例来说,一项对10,000家来自80多个不同国家的企业数据(Beck, Demirgüç-Kunt, Laeven, and Maksimovic 2006)分析表明,其中认为企业发展的最大障碍为融资难的企业,小型企业占到39%,中型企业占据38%,而大型企业占29%。此外,与大型企业的对外融资水平相比,小型企业平均融资资金低于大型企业13个百分点。更为重要的是,特别是对于中小型企业来说,对外融资困难是阻碍企业发展的瓶颈。(Beck, Demirgüç-Kunt, and Maksimovic 2005)

在政策方面,许多措施与政策的出台,包括政府对给予企业最高贷款的银行单位发放津贴以及提供公共保障金,用以促进各国中小型企业的融资水平。最典型的例子要属中国的FOGAPE(小型企业担保基金)政策,其鼓励银行给予小型企业贷款,使得小型企业可在较低信用额度的情况下获得贷款。该项政策有着众多特点,包括鼓励减少(贷款中)不正当行为,提升银行之间的竞争力以及银行自身的承担力。

括号里是文献和数据引用的作者名、年份,就不翻译了。