第一条 对核查期内存在下列情况之一的企业，外汇局可实施现场核查：
（一） 任一总量核查指标与本地区指标阈值偏离程度50%以上；
（二） 任一总量核查指标连续四个核查期超过本地区指标阈值；
（三） 预收货款、预付货款、延期收款或延期付款各项贸易信贷余额比率大于25%；
（四） 一年期以上的预收货款、预付货款、延期收款或延期付款各项贸易信贷发生额比率大于10%；
（五） 来料加工工缴费率大于30%；
（六） 转口贸易收支差额占支出比率大于20%；
（七） 单笔退汇金额超过等值50万美元且退汇笔数大于12次；
（八） 外汇局认定的需要现场核查的其他情况。
外汇局可根据非现场核查情况，参考地区、行业、经济类型等特点对上述比例、金额或频次进行调整。
② 求翻译一段融资协议，门外人真的看不懂，或者解释一下大致内容，几个专业名词也行，十分感谢！
2.11 Pro Rata Rights Agreement
\Pro Rata Rights Agreement" means a written agreement between the Com-
pany and the Investor (and holders of other SAFEs, as appropriate) giving
the Investor a right to purchase its pro rata share of private placements of
securities by the Company occurring after the Equity Financing, sub-
ject to customary exceptions. Pro rata for purposes of the Pro Rata Rights
Agreement will be calculated based on the ratio of (a) the number of shares
of capital stock of the Company owned by the Investor immediately prior to
the issuance of the securities to (b) the total number of shares of outstand-
ing capital stock of the Company on a fully diluted basis, calculated as of
immediately prior to the issuance of the securities
2.12 SAFE
\SAFE" means an instrument containing a future right to the Company's
capital stock, similar in form and content to this instrument, purchased by
investors for the purpose of funding the Company's business operations.
2.13 SAFE Preferred Stock
\SAFE Preferred Stock" means the shares of a series of the Company's pre-
ferred stock issued to the Investor in an Equity Financing, which will have
the identical rights, privileges, preferences and restrictions as the shares of
Standard Preferred Stock, other than with respect to the per share
liquidation preference, which will equal the SAFE Price or the
Discount Price (as applicable), as well as price-based antidilution protec-
tion and dividend rights, which will be based on such SAFE Price or the
Discount Price (as applicable).
2.14 SAFE Price
\SAFE Price" means the price per share equal to the quotient obtained by
dividing (i) the Valuation Cap by (ii) either (A) the Company Capitalization
as of immediately prior to the Equity Financing or (B) the capitalization of
the Company used to calculate the price per share of the Standard Preferred
Stock, whichever calculation results in a lower price.
2.11专利权利协议
“专业权利协议”是指Com-
pany和投资者（以及其他外管局持有人，酌情）给予
投资者有权购买其按比例分配的私人配售
本公司发行的证券发行在股权融资后，
对于习惯例外。按比例权利的目的按比例
协议将根据（a）股份数量的比例计算
本公司之前由投资者拥有的本公司股本
发行证券（b）股份总数 -
以完全摊薄为基准计算的本公司股本
在发行证券之前
2.12安全
“安全”是指包含本公司未来权利的文书
资本存量，形式和内容类似于本仪器，由
投资者为本公司业务经营提供资金。
2.13安全优先股
“安全优先股”是指本公司的一系列预售股份，
向投资者发行股权融资的股票
股权相同的权利，特权，偏好和限制
标准优先股，除了每股
清算偏好，这将等于国家外汇管理局的价格
折扣价（如适用），以及基于价格的抗血清保护
将根据“国家外汇管理局”或“国家外汇管理局”的规定进行股利分配
折扣价（适用）。
2.14安全价格
\ SAFE价格“是指每股价格等于由此获得的商
（i）估值上限（ii）（A）本公司资本化
直至股权融资之前或（B）资本化
本公司曾计算出每股标准普通股的价格
库存，以较低的价格计算。
③ 借贷宝肖像认证过不了怎么解决
可以发邮件给他们
邮箱[email protected]
借贷宝注册步骤：
1、下载借贷宝APP注册；
2、输入手机号注册，注册时我的邀请码：CMMVNVQ（大写，必填），获得20元奖金；
3、进行实名认证，输入姓名及身份证号；
4、绑定银行卡，会跳转至银联界面，要求输入银行卡密码验证；（民生银行卡可以不输密码）
5、申请提现，会要求肖像认证，按提示进行，提现成功。
使用你自己的邀请码邀请好友注册，双方各获20元，好友再邀请一人你再获10元，奖金不封顶。现在每周邀请好友10个以上就有机会抽奖赢iPhone6s，每周100台。
④ 关于国际贸易融资的翻译（跪求高手帮忙）-英翻中
这篇文章其实没有什么意义。
最重要的是最后一句话：目前预计超过80％的国际贸易采用赊销的结算方式；也就意味着，传统的国际结算方式如L/C、O/C等已经不再是主流的结算方式。而贸易融资与国际结算方式是紧密相关的！
⑤ 内部控制与银行融资的关系是怎么说的，或者有没有这方面的文献
这个能用吗?也是文献呢
Interim Measures on Information Disclosure of Commercial Banks
Order No.6 of the People's Bank of China
May 15, 2002
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1 These rules are formulated on the basis of "Law on the People's bank of China of the People's Republic of China" and "Commercial Banking Law of the People's Bank of China", which aim to strengthen market discipline of commercial banks, standardize information disclosure of commercial banks, effectively safeguard legitimate interests of depositors and other stakeholders and promote safe, sound and efficient operation of commercial banks.
Article 2 These rules are to be applied to commercial banks that are established legally within the territory of the People's Republic of China, including domestic commercial banks, wholly foreign funded banks, joint venture banks and branches of foreign banks.
Article 3 Commercial banks should disclose information according to these rules, which are the minimum requirements for commercial banks' information disclosure. While abiding by these rules, commercial banks can disclose more information than what has been required by these rules at their own discretion.
In addition to these rules, listed commercial banks should also conform to relevant information disclosure rules published by regulatory body of the securities instry.
Article 4 Information disclosure of commercial banks should be proceeded consistent with laws and regulations, the uniform domestic accounting rules and relevant rules of the PBC.
Article 5 Commercial banks should disclose information in a standardized fashion, while ensuring authenticity, accuracy, integrity and comparability.
Article 6 Annual financial statements disclosed by commercial banks should be subject to auditing by accounting firms that are certified to be engaged in finance-related auditing.
Article 7 The People's Bank of China is to supervise commercial banks' information disclosure according to relevant laws and regulations.
Chapter II Information to be Disclosed
Article 8 Commercial banks should disclose financial statements, and information on risk management, corporate governance and big events of the year according to these rules.
Article 9 Commercial banks' financial statements should include accounting report, annex and notes to this report and description of financial position.
Article 10 Accounting report disclosed by commercial banks should include balance sheet, statement of income (profit and loss account), statement of owner's equity and other additional charts.
Article 11 Commercial banks should indicate inconsistence between the basis of preparation and the basic preconditions of accounting in their notes to the accounting report.
Article 12 Commercial banks should explain in their notes to the accounting report the important policy of accounting and accounting estimates, including: Accounting standards, accounting year, reporting currency, accounting basis and valuation principles; Type and scope of loans; Accounting rules for investment; Scope and method of provisions against asset losses; Principle and method of income recognition; Valuation method for financial derivatives; Conversion method for foreign currency business and accounting report; Preparation method for consolidated accounting report; Valuation and depreciation method for fixed assets; Valuation method and amortization policy for intangible assets; Amortization policy for long-term deferred expenses; Accounting practice for income tax.
Article 13 Commercial banks should indicate in their notes to the accounting report crucial changes of accounting policy and estimates, contingent items and post-balance sheet items, transfer and sale of important assets.
Article 14 Commercial banks should indicate in their annex and notes to the accounting report the total volume of related party transactions and major related party transactions. Major related party transactions refer to those with trading volume exceeding 30 million yuan or 1% of total net assets of the commercial bank.
Article 15 Commercial banks should indicate in their notes to the accounting report detailed breakdown of key categories in the accounting report, including:
(1) Due from banks by the breakdown of domestic and overseas markets.
(2) Interbank lending by the breakdown of domestic and overseas markets.
(3) Outstanding balance of loans at the beginning and the end of the accounting year by the breakdown of credibility loans, committed loans, collateralized loans and pledged loans.
(4) Non-performing loans at the beginning and end of the accounting year resulted from the risk-based loan classification.
(5) Provisions for loan losses at the beginning and the end of the accounting year, new provisions, returned provisions and write-offs in the accounting year. General provisions, specific provisions and special provisions should be disclosed separately.
(6) Outstanding balance and changes of interest receivables.
(7) Investment at the beginning and the end of the accounting year by instruments.
(8) Interbank borrowing in domestic and overseas markets.
(9) Calculation, outstanding balance and changes of interest payables.
(10) Year-end outstanding balance and other details of off-balance sheet categories, including bank acceptance bills, external guarantees, letters of guarantee for financing purposes, letters of guarantee for non-financing purposes, loan commitments, letters of credit (spot), letters of credit (forward), financial futures, financial options, etc.
(11) Other key categories.
Article 16 Commercial banks should disclose in their notes to the accounting report status of capital adequacy, including total value of risk assets, amount and structure of net capital, core capital adequacy ratio and capital adequacy ratio.
Article 17 Commercial banks should disclose auditing report provided by the appointed accounting firms.
Article 18 Description of financial position should cover the general performance of the bank, generation and distribution of profit and other events that have substantial impact on financial position and performance of the bank.
Article 19 Commercial banks should disclose following risks and risk management details:
(1) Credit risk. Commercial banks should disclose status of credit risk management, credit exposure, credit quality and earnings, including business operations that generate credit risks, policy of credit risk management and control, organizational structure and division of labor in credit risk management, procere and methods of classification of asset risks, distribution and concentration of credit risks, maturity analysis of over-e loans, restructuring of loans and return of assets.
(2) Liquidity risk. Commercial banks should disclose relevant parameters that can represent their status of liquidity, analyze factors affecting liquidity and indicate their strategy of liquidity management.
(3) Market risk. Commercial banks should disclose risks brought by changes of interest rates and exchange rate on the market, analyzing impacts of such changes on profitability and financial positions of the bank and indicating their strategy of market risk management.
(4) Operation risk. Commercial banks should disclose risks brought by flaws and mistakes of internal proceres, staff and system or by external shocks and indicate the integrity, rationality and effectiveness of their internal control mechanism.
(5) Other risks. Other risks that may bring severe negative impact to the bank.
Article 20 Commercial banks should disclose following information on corporate governance:
(1) Shareholders' meeting ring the year.
(2) Members of the board of directors and its work performance.
(3) Members of the board of supervisors and its work performance.
(4) Members of the senior management and their profiles.
(5) Layout of branches and function departments.
Article 21 Chronicle of events disclosed by commercial banks in the year should at least include the following contents:
(1) Names of the ten biggest shareholders and changes ring the year.
(2) Increase or decrease of registered capital, splitting up and merger.
(3) Other important information that is necessary for the general public to know.
Article 22 Information of foreign bank branches is to be collected and disclosed by the primary reporting branch.
Foreign bank branches don't need to disclose information that is only mandated and required for disclosure by institutions with legal person status.
Foreign bank branches should translate into Chinese and disclose the summary of information disclosed by their head offices.
Article 23 Commercial banks need not disclose information of unimportant categories. However, if the omission or misreporting of certain categories or information may change or affect the assessment or judge of the information users, commercial banks should regarded the categories as key information categories and disclose them.
Chapter III Management of Information Disclosure
Article 24 Commercial banks should prepare in Chinese their annual reports with all the information to be disclosed and publish them within 4 month after the end of each accounting year. If they are not able to disclose such information on time e to special factors, they should apply to the People's Bank of China for delay of disclosure at least 15 days in advance.
Article 25 Commercial banks should submit their annual reports to the People's Bank of China prior to disclosure.
Article 26 Commercial banks should make sure that their shareholders and stakeholders could obtain the annual reports on a timely basis.
Commercial banks should put their annual reports in their major operation venue, so as to ensure such reports are readily available for the general public to read and check. The PBC encourage commercial banks to disclose main contents of their annual reports to the public through media.
Article 27 Boards of directors in commercial banks are responsible for the information disclosure. If there is no board of directors in the bank, the president (head) of the bank should assume such a responsibility.
Boards of directors and presidents (heads) of commercial banks should ensure the authenticity, accuracy and integrity of the disclosed information and take legal responsibility for their commitments.
Article 28 Commercial banks and their involved staff that provide financial statements with false information or concealing important facts should be punished according to the " Rules on Punishment of Financial Irregularities".
Accounting firms and involved staff that provide false auditing report should be punished according to the "Interim Measures on Finance-related Auditing Business by Accounting Firms".
Chapter IV Supplementary Provisions
Article 29 Commercial banks with total assets below RMB 1 billion or with total deposits below RMB 500 million are exempted from the compulsory information disclosure. However, the People's Bank of China encourages such commercial banks to disclose information according to these rules.
Article 30 The People's Bank of China is responsible for the interpretation of these rules.
Article 31 These rules shall enter into force as of the date of promulgation and are to be applied to all commercial banks except city commercial banks.
City commercial banks should adopt these rules graally from January 1, 2003 to January 1, 2006.
中国人民银行令[2002]第6号
2002年5月15日
第一章 总 则
第一条 为加强商业银行的市场约束，规范商业银行的信息披露行为，有效维护存款人和相关利益人的合法权益，促进商业银行安全、稳健、高效运行，依据《中华人民共和国中国人民银行法》、《中华人民共和国商业银行法》等法律法规，制定本办法。
第二条 本办法适用于在中华人民共和国境内依法设立的商业银行，包括中资商业银行、外资独资银行、中外合资银行、外国银行分行。
第三条 商业银行应按照本办法规定披露信息。本办法规定为商业银行信息披露的最低要求。商业银行可在遵守本办法规定基础上自行决定披露更多信息。
上市商业银行除应遵守本办法规定披露信息外，还应遵守证券监督管理机关有关信息披露的规定。
第四条 商业银行披露信息应当遵守法律法规、国家统一的会计制度和中国人民银行的有关规定。
第五条 商业银行应遵循真实性、准确性、完整性和可比性的原则，规范地披露信息。
第六条 商业银行披露的年度财务会计报告须经获准从事金融相关审计业务的会计师事务所审计。
第七条 中国人民银行根据有关法律法规对商业银行的信息披露进行监督。
第二章 信息披露的内容
第八条 商业银行应按照本办法规定披露财务会计报告、各类风险管理状况、公司治理、年度重大事项等信息。
第九条 商业银行财务会计报告由会计报表、会计报表附注和财务情况说明书组成。
第十条 商业银行披露的会计报表应包括资产负债表、利润表（损益表）、所有者权益变动表及其他有关附表。
第十一条 商业银行应在会计报表附注中说明会计报表编制基础不符合会计核算基本前提的情况。
第十二条 商业银行应在会计报表附注中说明本行的重要会计政策和会计估计，包括：会计报表编制所依据的会计准则、会计年度、记账本位币、记账基础和计价原则；贷款的种类和范围；投资核算方法；计提各项资产减值准备的范围和方法；收入确认原则和方法；衍生金融工具的计价方法；外币业务和报表折算方法；合并会计报表的编制方法；固定资产计价和折旧方法；无形资产计价及摊销政策；长期待摊费用的摊销政策；所得税的会计处理方法等。
第十三条 商业银行应在会计报表附注中说明重要会计政策和会计估计的变更；或有事项和资产负债表日后事项；重要资产转让及其出售。
第十四条 商业银行应在会计报表附注中披露关联方交易的总量及重大关联方交易的情况。
重大关联方交易是指交易金额在3000万元以上或占商业银行净资产总额1%以上的关联方交易。
第十五条 商业银行应在会计报表附注中说明会计报表中重要项目的明细资料，包括：
（一） 按存放境内、境外同业披露存放同业款项；
（二） 按拆放境内、境外同业披露拆放同业款项;
（三） 按信用贷款、保证贷款、抵押贷款、质押贷款分别披露贷款的期初数、期末数；
（四） 按贷款风险分类的结果披露不良贷款的期初数、期末数；
（五） 贷款损失准备的期初数、本期计提数、本期转回数、本期核销数、期末数；一般准备、专项准备和特种准备应分别披露；
（六） 应收利息余额及变动情况；
（七） 按种类披露投资的期初数、期末数；
（八） 按境内、境外同业披露同业拆入款项；
（九） 应付利息计提方法、余额及变动情况；
（十） 银行承兑汇票、对外担保、融资保函、非融资保函、贷款承诺、开出即期信用证、开出远期信用证、金融期货、金融期权等表外项目，包括上述项目的年末余额及其他具体情况；
（十一） 其他重要项目。
第十六条 商业银行应在会计报表附注中披露资本充足状况，包括风险资产总额、资本净额的数量和结构、核心资本充足率、资本充足率。
第十七条 商业银行应披露会计师事务所出具的审计报告。
第十八条 财务情况说明书应当对本行经营的基本情况、利润实现和分配情况以及对本行财务状况、经营成果有重大影响的其他事项进行说明。
第十九条 商业银行应披露下列各类风险和风险管理情况：
（一） 信用风险状况。商业银行应披露信用风险管理、信用风险暴露、信贷质量和收益的情况，包括产生信用风险的业务活动、信用风险管理和控制政策、信用风险管理的组织结构和职责划分、资产风险分类的程序和方法、信用风险分布情况、信用风险集中程度、逾期贷款的账龄分析、贷款重组、资产收益率等情况。
（二） 流动性风险状况。商业银行应披露能反映其流动性状况的有关指标，分析影响流动性的因素，说明本行流动性管理策略。
（三） 市场风险状况。商业银行应披露因市场汇率、利率变动而产生的风险，分析汇率、利率的变化对银行盈利能力和财务状况的影响，说明本行的市场风险管理策略。
（四） 操作风险状况。商业银行应披露由于内部程序、人员、系统的不完善或失误，或外部事件造成的风险，并对本行内部控制制度的完整性、合理性和有效性作出说明。
（五） 其他风险状况。其他可能对本行造成严重不利影响的风险因素。
第二十条 商业银行应披露下列公司治理信息：
（一） 年度内召开股东大会情况；
（二） 董事会的构成及其工作情况；
（三） 监事会的构成及其工作情况；
（四） 高级管理层成员构成及其基本情况；
（五） 银行部门与分支机构设置情况。
第二十一条 商业银行披露的本行年度重要事项，至少应包括下列内容：
（一） 最大十名股东名称及报告期内变动情况；
（二） 增加或减少注册资本、分立合并事项；
（三） 其他有必要让公众了解的重要信息。
第二十二条 外国银行分行的信息由主报告行汇总后披露。
外国银行分行无须披露本办法规定的仅适用于法人机构的信息。
外国银行分行应将其总行所披露信息摘要译成中文后披露。
第二十三条 商业银行无须披露非关键性项目。但若遗漏或误报某个项目或信息会改变或影响信息使用者的评估或判断时，商业银行应将该项目视为关键性项目予以披露。
第三章 信息披露的管理
第二十四条 商业银行应将信息披露的内容以中文编制成年度报告，于每个会计年度终了后的四个月内披露。因特殊原因不能按时披露的，应至少提前十五日向中国人民银行申请延迟。
第二十五条 商业银行应将年度报告在公布前报送中国人民银行。
第二十六条 商业银行应确保股东及相关利益人能及时获取年度报告。
商业银行应将年度报告置放在商业银行的主要营业场所，确保公众能方便、及时地查阅。中国人民银行鼓励商业银行通过媒体向公众披露年度报告的主要信息。
第二十七条 商业银行董事会负责本行的信息披露。未设立董事会的，由行长（单位主要负责人）负责。
商业银行的董事会、行长（单位主要负责人）应当保证所披露的信息真实、准确、完整，并就其保证承担相应的法律责任。
第二十八条 对在信息披露中提供虚假的或者隐瞒重要事实的财务会计报告的商业银行及有关责任人员，按照《金融违法行为处罚办法》予以处理。
对出具虚假审计报告的会计师事务所及有关责任人员，按照《会计师事务所从事金融相关审计业务暂行办法》予以处理。
第四章 附 则
第二十九条 资产总额低于10亿元人民币或存款余额低于5亿元人民币的商业银行，可免于披露信息。中国人民银行鼓励此类商业银行按照本办法规定披露信息。
第三十条 本办法由中国人民银行负责解释。
第三十一条 本办法自公布之日起在除城市商业银行以外的商业银行范围内施行。
城市商业银行自2003年1月1日起到2006年1月1日分步施行本办法。
⑥ 国家外汇管理局为什么要用 37 号文替代之前的 75 号文
原因是：
一、 文件出台的目的，75号文的初衷可以总结为“发展非公，支持创投，规范投融资涉及的跨境资本交易。”而37号文的是“发挥市场资源配置作用。走出去，利用国际国内两种资源两个市场，便利投融资，服务实体经济。”
75号文强调的所有制改革37号文木有了，75号文是2005年出台的，结合当时的时代背景始自90年代中期的所有制改革遇到了瓶颈，国家希望通过开辟一条资产证券化的途径打开局面，但所有制的变革只是资产证券化的伴生品，而不是实质，为了更贴近资产证券化的本真，37号文代之以强调市场的资源配置作用。37号文同时强调了“服务实体经济”，看得出国家还是想把证券化所得导向实体经济，这一点仍是一个有中国特色的框框（因为国外有大量案例说明资产证券化的所得流向金融等），比如我在执行这个文件的时候就要看是否资金是用于实体经济，如果不是我就认为违背了37号文。
二、 基本概念的变化
37号文关于特殊目的公司的概念中添加了“以其合法持有的境外资产或权益，在境外直接设立或间接控制的境外企业。”放宽了对发起人资产的限制，不但允许靠境内资产融资的资本调回，也允许靠境外资产融资的资本调回，这一点比较符合SPC融资的特征，SPC相较于SPT就是SPC可以有更灵活多样的资产组合。对于境外资产或权益37号文第三条要求要经过外汇局办理境外投资登记，但是其实外汇局没有办法为境内居民个人办理境外投资外汇登记，也就是您个人在外国有房子有地，就算它们被SPC真实购买，成为待证券化的资产，抱歉，也登记不了。
另外，37号文依然强调了“以其合法持有的境内企业资产或权益”,注意是境内企业资产，这一点上我认为是37号仍然有局限，和全面放开资产证券化管制仍有一定距离，资产证券化这个行为本身不介意是谁的资产，资产证券化强调的不是企业信用，而是资产信用，只要该资产能在未来带来稳定的现金流就能证券化，比如我个人有一台CT机，租给一个买卖很好的大医院，未来这台CT机能给我提供稳定的现金流，我就可以将这台CT机证券化，换来现在的钱干别的。但是这种行为显然不是37号文允许的，因为CT机不是企业资产。也就是37号文仍然把SPC返程当成一种境内企业融资手段看待。
37号文中返程投资依然规定是通过直接投资渠道，而不是单独为SPC返程开辟一个渠道，这种设计其实存在一定问题，SPC返程投资是个融资行为，和直接投资行为还是有区别的，直接投资行为外方追求的除了利润外还有对企业的实际控制，而SPC返程后企业的实际控制权还在发起人手中，境外资本市场投资者只是追求利润，对企业没有话语权，把这两者混在一起对于了解我国的来自境外的资本结构不是特别有利。虽然我和上级部门提过多次，但是未被采纳。
三、增加了禁止性条款
37号文第四条是禁止性条款，不准这呀不准哪，体现了法无禁即可为思想，是个进步，但是我去，你这禁止性条款规定的也太模糊了吧，“特殊目的公司，不得危害我国国家主权、安全和社会公共利益”，我认为烟草行业危害社会公共利益，在我管的一亩三分地全都不能证券化融资，这行吗？瞬间觉得自己权力好大的说。
四、增加了非上市SPC涉及ESOP的规定。
创业高管们可以在境外设SPC直接利用国外的私募基金激励自己了。
五、细化了罚则，不再是一“逃汇“以蔽之。
总结，37号替代75号文，虽然没啥翻天覆地的变化，但是还是能看出外汇局的行政思路转变上有可喜之处，不再一厢情愿颐指气使的说，我觉得你是什么你就得是什么，而是说我先了解你是什么我能为你做什么，同时又该限制什么。虽然离真正的松绑资产证券化还有一段距离，但是毕竟近了一步。
PS：针对第二点第一段的修正，惭愧，因为我只看了文件，没仔细研究具体的操作指引，有些细节没看到，37号文本次开放的程度比我想象的要大，在操作指引中有这样一段：“对于境内居民个人以境内外合法资产或权益已向特殊目的公司出资但未按规定办理境外投资外汇登记的，在境内居民个人向外汇局出具说明函详细说明理由后，外汇局资本项目管理部门应根据合法性、合理性等原则，根据实际情况办理补登记。对于涉嫌违反外汇管理规定的，依法进行处理。”这么规定的话，如果你个人在境外有资产的话真的也可以证券化融资了，但是由于这条规定的比较宽泛，对于我这样的滥好人来说可能你出了说明函就给你补了，但是较真的人可能就该问，哟房子怎么来的？买房子的钱哪来的？境内汇出的？当时是以什么名义申报的呀？我查查收支申报，那时候说瞎话了吧，你看不合法吧，不能补！虽然可能出现这种情况，但是毕竟给个人境外资产证券化的合法化留了一个门缝。
⑦ 急求一篇关于中小企业融资的英文文献，要有中文翻译
Automatically translated text:
The definition of lease financing
Finance leases (Financial Leasing) also known as the Equipment Leasing (Equipment Leasing), or modern leasing (Modern Leasing), and is essentially transfer ownership of the assets of all or most of the risks and rewards of the lease. The ultimate ownership of assets to be transferred, or may not transfer.
It refers to the specific content of the lessee to the lessor under the lease object and the specific requirements of the supplier selection, vendor financing to purchase rental property, and the use of leased to a lessee, the lessee to the lessor to pay instalments rent, the lease term lease ownership of objects belonging to the lessor of all, the tenant has the right to use the leased items. Term expired, and finished the lessee to pay rent under the lease contract financing to fulfil obligations in full, leasing objects that vesting ownership of all the lessee. Despite the finance lease transactions, the lessors have the identity of the purchase of equipment, but the substantive content of the purchase of equipment suppliers such as the choice of the specific requirements of the equipment, the conditions of the purchase contract negotiations by the lessee enjoy and exercise, lessee leasing object is essentially the purchaser. , Is a finance lease extension of loans and trade and technology updates in the new integrated financial instry. Because of its extension of loans and combination of features, there is a problem in leasing companies can recycling, treatment of leasing, and so the financing for the enterprise credit and secured the main requirement, it is very suitable for SME financing. In addition, the leasing of sheet financing, not reflected in the financial statements of the enterprise liability, does not affect the credit status of enterprises. This multi-channel financing needs of SMEs in terms of it is very beneficial.
Leasing and financing lease of a traditional nature of the difference is: traditional lease to the tenant leasing the use of objects of the time rent, and finance lease financing costs to the tenant occupying the time of rental. The market economy develops to a certain stage and the adaptation of a strong financing, in the 1950s in the United States have a new type of trading, as it adapted to the requirements of modern economic development, in the 60 to 70 the rapid development in the world, and today has become a business update equipment one of the main means of financing, known as the "sunrise instry." China in the early 1980s after the introction of this operational modalities for over 10 years has been the rapid development, compared with developed countries, the advantages of leasing is far from being played out, the market potential is huge.
[Edit] the main characteristics of the leasing
The main characteristics of the leasing is: the ownership of objects as leasing is the lessor in order to control the risk of the tenant rent reimbursement taken a form of ownership, at the end of the contract could eventually be transferred to the lessee, the lease purchase items from lease people choose, maintenance from the tenant responsible for the lessor to provide financial services only. Rent calculation principles are: to lease the lessor objects based on the purchase price, occupied by the lessee to the lessor of funds based on time, according to a mutually agreed rental rates. It is essentially dependent on the traditional leasing financial transactions, is a special kind of financial instruments.
[Edit] the type of lease financing
1. Simple financing lease
Financing lease is a simple, by the lessee choose to purchase the rental property, the lessor on the lease project through risk assessment after the rental lease to the lessee the use of objects. Throughout the lease period the lessee does not enjoy the right to use the title, and is responsible for repair and maintenance of leasing objects. The lessor's lease is good or bad thing without any liability, equipment depreciation in the tenant side.
2. Leveraged lease financing
Leveraged leasing practices similar to syndicated loans, is a specialized leasing to large-scale projects with the tax benefits of lease financing, mainly led by a leasing company as a trunk, and for the lease of a very large project financing. First set up a leasing company from the operation of the main institutions - a project-based fund management company set up projects to provide more than 20% of the total amount of funds, and the remaining part was the main source of funds banks and social absorb idle idle funds, the use of 100 percent enjoy low tax benefits "in the eight Bo" leverage for the leasing project large amount of funds. The remaining financing and leasing practices are basically the same, but because of the complexity of the contract covers a wide range and even greater. As can enjoy tax benefits, operating norms, comprehensive benefits, and recovery of rent safe, low-cost, and are generally used for aircraft, ships, communications equipment and large complete sets of equipment lease financing.
3. Commissioned by the Financial Leasing
Is a way to have the funds or equipment entrusted to non-bank financial institutions in the financing lease, the lessor is also the first client, the second is the trustee of the lessor at the same time. The lessor to accept the client's money or lease of the subject matter, according to the client's written by the client designated for the lessee of the leasing business. In the subject of the lease term lease of the property of the client, the lessor only charges, not to take risks. Such leasing commissioned a major characteristic is not to lease the right to operate the enterprise, "by the right" business. E-commerce is on the lease by lease rental as a business platform.
The second is the lessor or lessee commissioned by the lease purchase of a third person, the lessor under the contract to pay the purchase price, also known as commissioned by the lease purchase financing.
4. Project finance leasing
Lessee to project their own property and to ensure efficiency, and the lessor signed a finance lease contract, the lessor to the lessee of the property and other projects without recourse to the proceeds, we can only rent charged to the project's cash flow and profitability to determine. The seller (that is leasing goods manufacturers) through their holding leasing companies to promote their procts in this way, and expand market share. Communications equipment, medical equipment, transportation equipment, or even the right to operate highway can be used this way. Others, including the return of leasing, also known as sale and leaseback financing leasing; financing to leasing, also known as the financing to leasing.
[Edit] the risk of lease financing
Finance leases from the risk of many uncertain factors, is multifaceted and interrelated, in the full understanding of the operational activities of the characteristics of various risks can be comprehensive, scientific analysis of risks to formulate corresponding measures. The risk of financing leasing main categories as follows:
(1) proct market risks. In the market environment, regardless of the financing lease, loan or investment, as long as the funds used to purchase equipment or to carry out technological transformation, first of all, should consider leasing equipment procts market risks, which need to know to sell the procts, market share rate and occupancy, proct trends in the development of the market, the consumption structure and the mentality of the consumers and consumption capacity. If these factors are not fully understand, the survey are not careful, and may increase the market risk.
(2) financial risks. For the leasing of a financial nature, financial risks throughout the entire business activities. The lessor, the biggest risk is that the lessee is also rent capacity, it has a direct impact on the operation of leasing companies and survival, therefore, the risk of also rent from the project began, it should be cause for concern.
Currency also have risks, especially international payments, methods of payment, payment date, time, the remittance channels and means of payment options improperly, will increase the risk.
(3) Trade risk. For the leasing of a trade properties, the risks of trade negotiations to orders from the acceptance testing there is a risk. The merchandise trade in the modern development of a relatively complete, the community is also supporting the establishment of corresponding institutions and preventive measures, such as a letter of credit, transport insurance, commodity inspection, commercial arbitration and the risk of credit counseling have taken precautions and remedial measures, but because people's awareness and understanding of the risks of different degrees, and some means of a commercial nature, coupled with the inexperience of the management of enterprises and other factors, all of these instruments have not been used, making trade risk still exists.
(4) technical risks. One of the benefits of lease financing before other enterprises is the introction of advanced technology and equipment. In the actual course of the operation, or advanced technology, advanced technology is mature, mature technology for the legal rights and interests of others, is an important risk a technical reasons. Serious, e to technical problems so that equipment in a state of paralysis. Other risks include the economic environment, force majeure, and so on.
[Edit] the accounting treatment of lease financing
[Edit], the tenant on the accounting treatment of lease financing
1, the start of the lease accounting treatment
At the start of the lease, the tenant will usually be the start of the lease rental assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the lower of the two leased assets as recorded value of the minimum lease payments as a long-term payables recorded value, and the difference between the two records is not recognised financing costs. However, if the assets of the leasing assets of the enterprise small proportion of the total, the tenant may be the start of the lease in the minimum lease payment records of assets and long-term rent payments. This time, the "proportional" not usually refers to fixed assets financed by leasing the lessee total assets total less than 30% (including 30%). Under such circumstances, rent for the financing of long-term assets and the determination of the amount e, the tenant may, at its option, which can be used minimum lease payments, and can also be used leasing assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the two in the lower. Then what "leasing the original book value of assets" refers to the start of the lease rental, as reflected in the accounts, the book value of the leased asset.
Lessee in the calculation of the minimum lease payments at the current value, if the lessor that the interest rate implicit in the lease, the lessor should be used as the interest rate implicit in the discount rate, otherwise, shall be stipulated in the lease contract interest rate as the discount rate . If the lessor's interest rate implicit in the lease and rental rates stipulated in the contract are not available, it should be used over the same period interest rates on bank loans as the discount rate. Which is implicit in the lease rates, in the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments and the present value of the unsecured portion of the resial value of the current value of assets and equivalent to the original book value of the discount rate.
2, the initial direct costs of the accounting treatment
Initial direct costs refer to the lease negotiations and the signing of the lease agreement occurred in the course of the lease can be directly attributable to the cost of the project. Lessee in the initial direct costs usually have stamp ty, commission, attorney fees, travel expenses, such as the costs of negotiations. Lessee in the initial direct costs should be recognised as an expense in the current period. Accounts for its handling: debit "management fees" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
3, no finance charge assessed
In the finance lease, the lessee to the lessor to pay the rent, include the repayment of principal and interest in two parts. Lessee to pay rent, on the one hand to rece long-term payables, on the other hand, while not confirmed by the leasing costs for a certain method to confirm the current financing costs, the first rent (that is, initially matching each rental payment) Under the circumstances, the lease term is the first phase of rent paid no interest, should only rece the long-term payments, not to confirm the current financing costs.
Not sharing in the finance costs, the lessee should be used to calculate certain way. According to the guidelines, the lessee can be used in real interest rates, the straight-line method can also be used and the number of years of combined law. In using the effective interest method, in accordance with the inception of the lease is a lease assets and liabilities are recorded based on the value of different financing costs assessment rate options are also different. No finance charge assessed specific divided into the following types:
(1), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments accounted for the present value of value to the investor and the interest rate implicit in the lease for the discount rate. Under such circumstances, investors should be the interest rate implicit in the lease for the assessment rate.
(2), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments for the present value of recorded value, and to lease contract provides for the interest rate as the discount rate. In such circumstances, should be stipulated in the lease contract as the rate of assessment rates.
(3), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist resial value guarantees and preferential purchase right to choose. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. Financing cost-sharing rate refers to the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments equal to the present value of lease assets in the original book value of the discount rate. In the lessee or related to the leased asset resial value of the third-party security situation, and the similar, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to zero.
(4), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist guaranteed resial value, but there is preferential option to purchase. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. At the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to zero.
(5), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset value accounted for, and the existence of the lessee guaranteed resial value.
Under such circumstances, the cost-sharing should be re-financing rate. Related to the lessee or third parties on the resial value of leased assets as security has been provided or not at the end of the lease renewal and to pay a penalty of circumstances, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to the guaranteed resial value, or to be paid by the breach.
Lessee shall pay each of the rent shall be the amount of rent paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," subjects, credited to "bank" subjects, if payment of rent, which includes compliance costs, At the same time debit should be "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects. At the same time should be recognized in accordance with the current amount of the finance charge, debit "financial costs" subjects, credited the "no finance charge" subjects.
4, the leased asset depreciation Provision
Tenants should finance the lessee Provision for depreciation of fixed assets, should address two main issues:
(1), depreciation policy
Provision for asset depreciation, lease, the tenant should be its own assets Provision line depreciation method. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset security has been provided, should be credited for the amount of depreciation on fixed assets, and the inception of the lease accounting resial value after decting the value of the balance. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset resial value of the security has been provided, the total amount of depreciation should be credited for the start of the lease value of fixed assets recorded.
(2), the depreciation period
Identify the leased asset depreciation period, should be in accordance with the lease contract. If reasonable certainty that the lessee at the end of the lessee will obtain ownership of the leased asset, the lessee can be identified with all of the assets of the remaining useful life, and should therefore be the start of the lease to lease the remaining useful life of assets as depreciation period; If you can not reasonably determine whether the lease to the lessee at the end of the lease ownership of the assets to be made to the lease period and the remaining useful life of the leased asset in the shorter of the two as the depreciation period.
5, the accounting treatment of compliance costs
Many types of compliance costs, rent for the financing of fixed assets improved expenditure, technical advice and service charges, fees should be increased staff training credited to the extension of sharing costs, debit "long-term prepaid expenses," and "accrued expenses" , "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects, the fixed assets regular maintenance, insurance, etc. can be directly charged to expense in the current period, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank deposits, "wait until the subjects.
6, or the accounting treatment of rent
Since the rent or the amount of uncertainty, unable to adopt a rational approach to its system for sharing, in the actual event, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
7, at the end of the lease accounting treatment
At the end of lease, the tenant on the lease is usually the disposition of the assets of three circumstances:
(1), the return of the leased asset. Debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," and "accumulated depreciation" subjects, credited "fixed assets - fixed assets financed by leasing all" subjects.
(2), renewable lease concession assets. If the lessee to exercise the right to choose renewable concession, the lease shall be deemed to have been made the presence of the corresponding accounting treatment. If no expiry of renewal, to the lessor under the lease contract to pay a penalty, debit "operating expenses" subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
(3), stay purchase the leased asset. In the lessee enjoy preferential purchase right to choose, purchase price paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance lease," credited "bank" and other subjects at the same time, will be fixed assets from "all fixed assets financed by leasing" Details Details of the other subjects into subjects.
字数太多，翻译另答~~~~~~
⑧ 国外开展跨境融资租赁业务到底怎么做
第一部分：当地法律考量（Local Legal Considerations）
开展跨境融资租赁业务最根本的考量是分析当地的法律环境，向当地富有经验的律师的咨询总是必不可少的。相关融资租赁业务的考量因素包括。
其一、外资所有权和公司治理的限制；
其二、当地的牌照规定；
其三、目标国对可能提供给客户的金融产品（Financing Procts）的种类限制；
其四、承租人无条件支付租金（ hell-or-high-water）条款在当地法律中是否可行；
其五、出租人保护和行使其租赁设备所有权的能力，或者针对第三人或承租人出租人实现其租赁设备上第一位担保物权的能力；
其五、目标国的就业和劳动法；
其六、隐私保护法律；
其七、遵守本国出口控制和相关法律和规章；
其八、其它相关法律（高利贷限制、反洗钱、合同是否用当地语言等）。
具体展开如下，但需注意的是：在一些国家，如澳大利亚和加拿大，各省或州的法律也许差别很大。
一、外资所有权和公司治理的限制（Foreign Ownership and Mangement Restrictions）
在一些国家，当地法律禁止外资在从事租赁的公司中占有100%的股份。因而，外国公司必须和当地的公司或个人合作来操作融资租赁，合资企业（joint venture）最为常见。例如，印度（本地股份至少占25%），印尼（本地股份至少占25%），菲律宾（本地股份至少占40%）。这些本地股份规定有时比较含糊，在一些情况下，完全可以消弱它们对公司财务和治理影响。
在一些国家，尽管没有本地股份的规定，但有要求本地治理的规定。例如，在一些国家（包括奥地利、澳大利亚、印度、日本、南朝鲜、马来西亚、新加坡和泰国），一个或两个董事必须要求是当地居民或公民。在另一些国家，一半或大多数董事必须是当地人（包括阿根廷和文莱）。
二、牌照规定（Licensing Requirements）
在一些国家，开展租赁业务需要向政府机关申请牌照。例如，在巴西，需要向巴西中央银行申请租赁牌照。其它需要牌照的国家（或地区）包括香港和波多黎各。有时，这些规定是敷衍的，仅需要填写表格、按期更新和缴费。有时，取得和保持牌照是昂贵和严格的。例如，在巴西，租赁公司须符合最低的注册资本规定、严格的经营准则和繁多的报告义务。
在另外一些国家，租赁公司是否需要牌照取决于其提供的金融产品。例如，在墨西哥非受监管的公司（non-regulated company）可以操作经营性租赁（operating lease），在当地称为“纯租赁”(pure lease)，区别于“融资租赁”(financial lease)。 纯租赁和融资租赁的一个重要区别是承租人的期终选择权。在墨西哥，纯租赁包含期终的公平市场价值购买选择权，但不会是固定价格的选择权（无论这是名义价格或含有市场因素）。大多数法律专家认为，包含任何固定价格购买选择权都会导致一个租约变为融资租赁，而融资租赁可能只有那些有牌照的、受监管的融资租赁公司才可提供。同样的牌照规范适用于其它拉美国家（如哥伦比亚、秘鲁、委内瑞拉）。
类似的牌照制度也存在于许多欧洲国家，特别是南欧。例如，在法国经营租赁通常是非受监管的活动。然而，包含承租人固定价格购买选择权的租赁（在租赁物用于商业时法语叫credit-l,在用于消费叫location avec option d’achat）只能由受“法兰西银行”监管的有牌照的公司提供。另外一些国家比利时、西班牙、意大利的牌照制度也或多或少参差不齐。不幸的是，尽管这些国家同为欧盟成员国，在一个国家具有合法牌照的融资租赁公司并不一定可以在另外的欧盟国家获得牌照豁免。其中一些国家牌照规定的严格和对不符合规定的处罚是不容低估的。
因许多欧盟国家有关牌照的规定不同，如何才能符合诸多国家的不同规定？一个解决方案是在欧盟境内通过一个受欧盟成员国中央银行监管的银行来操作。根据《欧盟第二银行规章》（EU's Second Banking Directive），只要符合条件，受欧盟成员国中央银行监管的银行可以为在大多其它欧盟国家融资服务（包括租赁）“颁发通行证”，而不需要符合其它欧盟国家的规定（即跨境经营）。这种“颁发通行证”模式的细节不是本文讨论的内容，但有几点需要指出。首先，作为一个持牌银行所涉的监管规定繁多，一般比获得另一个租赁牌照麻烦得多，任何不合规都可能会受到严厉处罚。其次，遵行欧盟各国实行的《欧盟第二银行规章》的条件也不太容易，有时还会产生另外的问题（即，纳税问题）。
三、金融产品的其它提供限制（Other Limitations on Financing Proct Offerings）
在一些国家，国外的租赁公司不可以合法得提供的某些金融产品，或者是因为产品本身的原因被禁止，或者外资融资租赁公司不可能得到所需的牌照或地位。
四、可执行性问题 （Enforceability Issues）
在许多国家，其制定法没有像美国《统一商法典》（Uniform Commercial Code）第2A章那样对动产租赁（personal property leasing）作出规定。在多数情况下，当地法院参照合同法或不动产租赁(real property leasing)的法律来解释租赁协议和决定租赁协议的可执行性。在许多国家，承租人无条件支付租金（ hell-or-high-water）条款或者不可执行或者由法院根据个案情况决定。这在大陆法系国家较常见，包括大多拉美国家和德国。在这些国家，如果出租人违约，或者（更为重要的是）如果租赁物有缺陷或不能达到厂家或卖方所说的质量标准，即使租约含有承租人无条件支付租金（ hell-or-high-water）条款，法院也会允许承租人停止支付租金和/或解除租约。这种风险很难控制，值得出租人在业务扩展时仔细衡量。
在一些国家，承租人无条件支付租金（ hell-or-high-water）条款只在某些租赁中可执行。例如，在具有英美法源远的澳大利亚、新西兰和若干其它亚太国家，如果一个租约含有承租人购买选择权条款（大多情况下，甚至是公平市场价值的购买选择权），该租约会被认为是分期付款购买合同（hire-purchase contract）。在以上一部分国家中，承租人无条件支付租金（ hell-or-high-water）条款在租赁合同中可执行，在分期付款购买合同（hire-purchase contract）不可执行。正因为此原因，在这些亚太国家中，租赁合同一般不包含承租人购买选择权条款。
另外赔偿条款、自由转让条款、续约条款、违约和补偿条款在有的国家也可能得不到执行。所以，在做跨国租赁业务时，最好让当地律师审查一下租赁合同，搞清楚那些条款在当地不可执行，以便评估风险。
五、抵押担保和相关问题（Collateral Security and Related Issues）
正如许多国家缺少如《统一商法典》第2A章规定的动产租赁制定法一样，许多国家同样缺少如《统一商法典》第9章规定的有担保的交易。在租赁业务国际扩展决策中，非常重要的一件事情是了解出租人在多大程度上可以保护和行使其对租赁物的所有权和出租人在多大程度上可以取得和行使第一位的抵押物权或其它担保物权。
许多国家的法律体系类似美国，法律一般认可和保护出租人对租赁物的所有权和（或）允许出租人就融资财产行使第一位的抵押权。如加拿大的《动产担保法》（Personal Property Security Acts）差不多就是以美国的《统一商法典》第9章为蓝本。
但在一些国家，或者因为缺少现行有效的动产担保法律，或者因为当地法律体系的性质，就租赁的动产不可能取得可执行的、第一位的担保物权。有时候，这取决于所涉财产的类型。例如，在墨西哥能取得第一位担保物权的唯一办法是质押（pledge），而质押只能通过占有担保物来实现，很显然这对租赁物来说根本不可行。但飞机和轮船例外，它们适用抵押登记制度。对于在墨西哥的纯租赁来说，如果承租人违约，出租人须通过普通的法律程序来回复租赁物的所有权，这种法律程序漫长而昂贵，而且所有权回复很少能确保成功。
在一些因为缺少现行有效的动产担保法律的国家，地方法律和惯例有时能部分地减少此种风险。还是以墨西哥为例，一般情况下，对于每期的租金承租人会签署凭出租人指示支付的本票（promissory notes payable to the order of the lessor）。如果有一期租金未付，出租人可以启动简易法律程序（summary legal proceedings ）(区别于漫长的普通法律程序)向承租人收租金。在简易法律程序下，出租人有权取得承租人的财产。
最后，评估在目标国的法律下当承租人违约时出租人所能得到的动产担保法上的救济和其它相关救济时，应该考虑到当地有关破产或倒闭的法律（local bankruptcy or insolvency law）规定。众所周知，这些法律各国差别很大，会使出租人面临额外的信用和担保风险。
六、就业和劳动法（Employment and Labor Laws）
充分了解当地的就业和劳动法的性质和后果非常重要。在雇佣当地雇员之前，要详细地与当地律师就雇佣和解雇当地雇员的法律义务探讨交流。在许多情况下，这些义务往往和本国有很大不同，非常可能增加公司成本。例如，在许多国家，雇佣员工意味着雇主有义务支付资金给政府发起来的退休/养老金计划。这些规定千差万别，可能产生意想不到的开支。
在某些国家（如荷兰、法国和德国），一旦雇员达到某一数量标准（法国是50人），当地法律规定要建立工会。在这些国家，几乎所有雇主想要实行的任何有关就业环境的变化都需要事先和工会磋商（包括裁员、重组导致的雇主变化、业务性质改变、补偿和福利变化等）。尽管各国规定不尽相同，但在某些时候没有工会的同意雇主很难改变任何东西。
另一个考量是当地法律对就业终止的规定。虽然美国存在一些解雇员工的限制（如反歧视法），但美国基本上是一个就业合同“自由”的国家。但在其他许多国家，情况有很大不同。在一些国家，雇主常要求就“不公平解雇”赔偿（如爱尔兰）。在这些有类似规定的国家，劳动法庭或类似机构可以审查雇主的解雇理由（雇员表现等），可能要求雇主支付非常高的遣散费。在一些国家（如日本）即使解雇一名表现很差的员工也绝非易事。
七、隐私/资料保护法律（Privacy/Data Protection Laws）
应该请教当地的律师当地隐私或资料保护的范围和适用问题。这些法律常常调整涉及客户和/雇员的机密信息的收集、处理、储存、传递、分享和/或使用。例如，资料保护法尤禁止把客户和雇员的信息跨境传递给没有同等资料保护法的国家（即使接受方是传递方的关联公司也不得例外）。因为美国基本没有类似于欧盟国家那样的资料保护法，所以麻烦来了，因为总部在美国的租赁公司一般希望能收到它欧洲子公司发来的这些信息，以便其审查全球信贷风险和评估雇员。
美国政府为了在这方面支持美国公司，与欧盟磋商签订了所谓的《安全港协议》（safe-harbor agreement）。在此协议中，美国的公司可以自愿采用和公布一项符合欧盟隐私法规定的隐私政策，并向美国商务部登记。欧洲的公司也允许在合规的条件下与美国的“安全港”公司共享客户和雇员的机密信息。
隐私/资料保护法律在世界各地越来越盛行。除了在几乎每个欧盟国家，类似法律也在阿根廷和澳大利亚实行。
八、本国出口控制和相关法律法规（Export Control and Related Laws and Regulations）
这包括：（1）有的法律规定国外的子公司须取得本国出口许可证书；（2）法律禁止同某些国家交易（例如，伊朗、古巴等）；（3）有关防止军事武器技术扩散的法律。
九、其它法律考量（Other Legal Considerations）
除了上诉法律考量因素，准备在国外拓展业务的融资租赁公司应该和当地的律师就可能对当地融资租赁操作可能发生影响的大量其它当地法律的适用范围深入探讨。例如，有些国家的法律直接或间接地要求融资合同（或其它文件）应当使用当地的语言（例如印尼和加拿大魁北克省）。在有些国家（或地区），当地的商业惯例要求文件用当地语言书就（如：日本、南朝鲜、台湾、中华人民共和国、大多拉丁美洲国家和许多欧洲国家）。
值得注意的是，在一些非英语国家文件可以用英语书就而且有时也经常这样做。但还是使用当地语言为好，因为在诉讼中，法官理解协议的时候要依靠法庭指定的翻译。而这种翻译质量往往参差不齐，法律条款很可能被翻译得面目全非，造成法官理解的偏差。但很显然，使用当地语言书就的文件，无论是法定与否，都 会增加额外的商业成本。
⑨ 急求一篇关于中小企业融资的英文文献,字书10000字左右,万分感谢
Automatically translated text:
The definition of lease financing
Finance leases (Financial Leasing) also known as the Equipment Leasing (Equipment Leasing), or modern leasing (Modern Leasing), and is essentially transfer ownership of the assets of all or most of the risks and rewards of the lease. The ultimate ownership of assets to be transferred, or may not transfer.
It refers to the specific content of the lessee to the lessor under the lease object and the specific requirements of the supplier selection, vendor financing to purchase rental property, and the use of leased to a lessee, the lessee to the lessor to pay instalments rent, the lease term lease ownership of objects belonging to the lessor of all, the tenant has the right to use the leased items. Term expired, and finished the lessee to pay rent under the lease contract financing to fulfil obligations in full, leasing objects that vesting ownership of all the lessee. Despite the finance lease transactions, the lessors have the identity of the purchase of equipment, but the substantive content of the purchase of equipment suppliers such as the choice of the specific requirements of the equipment, the conditions of the purchase contract negotiations by the lessee enjoy and exercise, lessee leasing object is essentially the purchaser. , Is a finance lease extension of loans and trade and technology updates in the new integrated financial instry. Because of its extension of loans and combination of features, there is a problem in leasing companies can recycling, treatment of leasing, and so the financing for the enterprise credit and secured the main requirement, it is very suitable for SME financing. In addition, the leasing of sheet financing, not reflected in the financial statements of the enterprise liability, does not affect the credit status of enterprises. This multi-channel financing needs of SMEs in terms of it is very beneficial.
Leasing and financing lease of a traditional nature of the difference is: traditional lease to the tenant leasing the use of objects of the time rent, and finance lease financing costs to the tenant occupying the time of rental. The market economy develops to a certain stage and the adaptation of a strong financing, in the 1950s in the United States have a new type of trading, as it adapted to the requirements of modern economic development, in the 60 to 70 the rapid development in the world, and today has become a business update equipment one of the main means of financing, known as the "sunrise instry." China in the early 1980s after the introction of this operational modalities for over 10 years has been the rapid development, compared with developed countries, the advantages of leasing is far from being played out, the market potential is huge.
[Edit] the main characteristics of the leasing
The main characteristics of the leasing is: the ownership of objects as leasing is the lessor in order to control the risk of the tenant rent reimbursement taken a form of ownership, at the end of the contract could eventually be transferred to the lessee, the lease purchase items from lease people choose, maintenance from the tenant responsible for the lessor to provide financial services only. Rent calculation principles are: to lease the lessor objects based on the purchase price, occupied by the lessee to the lessor of funds based on time, according to a mutually agreed rental rates. It is essentially dependent on the traditional leasing financial transactions, is a special kind of financial instruments.
[Edit] the type of lease financing
1. Simple financing lease
Financing lease is a simple, by the lessee choose to purchase the rental property, the lessor on the lease project through risk assessment after the rental lease to the lessee the use of objects. Throughout the lease period the lessee does not enjoy the right to use the title, and is responsible for repair and maintenance of leasing objects. The lessor's lease is good or bad thing without any liability, equipment depreciation in the tenant side.
2. Leveraged lease financing
Leveraged leasing practices similar to syndicated loans, is a specialized leasing to large-scale projects with the tax benefits of lease financing, mainly led by a leasing company as a trunk, and for the lease of a very large project financing. First set up a leasing company from the operation of the main institutions - a project-based fund management company set up projects to provide more than 20% of the total amount of funds, and the remaining part was the main source of funds banks and social absorb idle idle funds, the use of 100 percent enjoy low tax benefits "in the eight Bo" leverage for the leasing project large amount of funds. The remaining financing and leasing practices are basically the same, but because of the complexity of the contract covers a wide range and even greater. As can enjoy tax benefits, operating norms, comprehensive benefits, and recovery of rent safe, low-cost, and are generally used for aircraft, ships, communications equipment and large complete sets of equipment lease financing.
3. Commissioned by the Financial Leasing
Is a way to have the funds or equipment entrusted to non-bank financial institutions in the financing lease, the lessor is also the first client, the second is the trustee of the lessor at the same time. The lessor to accept the client's money or lease of the subject matter, according to the client's written by the client designated for the lessee of the leasing business. In the subject of the lease term lease of the property of the client, the lessor only charges, not to take risks. Such leasing commissioned a major characteristic is not to lease the right to operate the enterprise, "by the right" business. E-commerce is on the lease by lease rental as a business platform.
The second is the lessor or lessee commissioned by the lease purchase of a third person, the lessor under the contract to pay the purchase price, also known as commissioned by the lease purchase financing.
4. Project finance leasing
Lessee to project their own property and to ensure efficiency, and the lessor signed a finance lease contract, the lessor to the lessee of the property and other projects without recourse to the proceeds, we can only rent charged to the project's cash flow and profitability to determine. The seller (that is leasing goods manufacturers) through their holding leasing companies to promote their procts in this way, and expand market share. Communications equipment, medical equipment, transportation equipment, or even the right to operate highway can be used this way. Others, including the return of leasing, also known as sale and leaseback financing leasing; financing to leasing, also known as the financing to leasing.
[Edit] the risk of lease financing
Finance leases from the risk of many uncertain factors, is multifaceted and interrelated, in the full understanding of the operational activities of the characteristics of various risks can be comprehensive, scientific analysis of risks to formulate corresponding measures. The risk of financing leasing main categories as follows:
(1) proct market risks. In the market environment, regardless of the financing lease, loan or investment, as long as the funds used to purchase equipment or to carry out technological transformation, first of all, should consider leasing equipment procts market risks, which need to know to sell the procts, market share rate and occupancy, proct trends in the development of the market, the consumption structure and the mentality of the consumers and consumption capacity. If these factors are not fully understand, the survey are not careful, and may increase the market risk.
(2) financial risks. For the leasing of a financial nature, financial risks throughout the entire business activities. The lessor, the biggest risk is that the lessee is also rent capacity, it has a direct impact on the operation of leasing companies and survival, therefore, the risk of also rent from the project began, it should be cause for concern.
Currency also have risks, especially international payments, methods of payment, payment date, time, the remittance channels and means of payment options improperly, will increase the risk.
(3) Trade risk. For the leasing of a trade properties, the risks of trade negotiations to orders from the acceptance testing there is a risk. The merchandise trade in the modern development of a relatively complete, the community is also supporting the establishment of corresponding institutions and preventive measures, such as a letter of credit, transport insurance, commodity inspection, commercial arbitration and the risk of credit counseling have taken precautions and remedial measures, but because people's awareness and understanding of the risks of different degrees, and some means of a commercial nature, coupled with the inexperience of the management of enterprises and other factors, all of these instruments have not been used, making trade risk still exists.
(4) technical risks. One of the benefits of lease financing before other enterprises is the introction of advanced technology and equipment. In the actual course of the operation, or advanced technology, advanced technology is mature, mature technology for the legal rights and interests of others, is an important risk a technical reasons. Serious, e to technical problems so that equipment in a state of paralysis. Other risks include the economic environment, force majeure, and so on.
[Edit] the accounting treatment of lease financing
[Edit], the tenant on the accounting treatment of lease financing
1, the start of the lease accounting treatment
At the start of the lease, the tenant will usually be the start of the lease rental assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the lower of the two leased assets as recorded value of the minimum lease payments as a long-term payables recorded value, and the difference between the two records is not recognised financing costs. However, if the assets of the leasing assets of the enterprise small proportion of the total, the tenant may be the start of the lease in the minimum lease payment records of assets and long-term rent payments. This time, the "proportional" not usually refers to fixed assets financed by leasing the lessee total assets total less than 30% (including 30%). Under such circumstances, rent for the financing of long-term assets and the determination of the amount e, the tenant may, at its option, which can be used minimum lease payments, and can also be used leasing assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the two in the lower. Then what "leasing the original book value of assets" refers to the start of the lease rental, as reflected in the accounts, the book value of the leased asset.
Lessee in the calculation of the minimum lease payments at the current value, if the lessor that the interest rate implicit in the lease, the lessor should be used as the interest rate implicit in the discount rate, otherwise, shall be stipulated in the lease contract interest rate as the discount rate . If the lessor's interest rate implicit in the lease and rental rates stipulated in the contract are not available, it should be used over the same period interest rates on bank loans as the discount rate. Which is implicit in the lease rates, in the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments and the present value of the unsecured portion of the resial value of the current value of assets and equivalent to the original book value of the discount rate.
2, the initial direct costs of the accounting treatment
Initial direct costs refer to the lease negotiations and the signing of the lease agreement occurred in the course of the lease can be directly attributable to the cost of the project. Lessee in the initial direct costs usually have stamp ty, commission, attorney fees, travel expenses, such as the costs of negotiations. Lessee in the initial direct costs should be recognised as an expense in the current period. Accounts for its handling: debit "management fees" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
3, no finance charge assessed
In the finance lease, the lessee to the lessor to pay the rent, include the repayment of principal and interest in two parts. Lessee to pay rent, on the one hand to rece long-term payables, on the other hand, while not confirmed by the leasing costs for a certain method to confirm the current financing costs, the first rent (that is, initially matching each rental payment) Under the circumstances, the lease term is the first phase of rent paid no interest, should only rece the long-term payments, not to confirm the current financing costs.
Not sharing in the finance costs, the lessee should be used to calculate certain way. According to the guidelines, the lessee can be used in real interest rates, the straight-line method can also be used and the number of years of combined law. In using the effective interest method, in accordance with the inception of the lease is a lease assets and liabilities are recorded based on the value of different financing costs assessment rate options are also different. No finance charge assessed specific divided into the following types:
(1), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments accounted for the present value of value to the investor and the interest rate implicit in the lease for the discount rate. Under such circumstances, investors should be the interest rate implicit in the lease for the assessment rate.
(2), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments for the present value of recorded value, and to lease contract provides for the interest rate as the discount rate. In such circumstances, should be stipulated in the lease contract as the rate of assessment rates.
(3), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist resial value guarantees and preferential purchase right to choose. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. Financing cost-sharing rate refers to the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments equal to the present value of lease assets in the original book value of the discount rate. In the lessee or related to the leased asset resial value of the third-party security situation, and the similar, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to zero.
(4), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist guaranteed resial value, but there is preferential option to purchase. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. At the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to zero.
(5), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset value accounted for, and the existence of the lessee guaranteed resial value.
Under such circumstances, the cost-sharing should be re-financing rate. Related to the lessee or third parties on the resial value of leased assets as security has been provided or not at the end of the lease renewal and to pay a penalty of circumstances, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to the guaranteed resial value, or to be paid by the breach.
Lessee shall pay each of the rent shall be the amount of rent paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," subjects, credited to "bank" subjects, if payment of rent, which includes compliance costs, At the same time debit should be "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects. At the same time should be recognized in accordance with the current amount of the finance charge, debit "financial costs" subjects, credited the "no finance charge" subjects.
4, the leased asset depreciation Provision
Tenants should finance the lessee Provision for depreciation of fixed assets, should address two main issues:
(1), depreciation policy
Provision for asset depreciation, lease, the tenant should be its own assets Provision line depreciation method. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset security has been provided, should be credited for the amount of depreciation on fixed assets, and the inception of the lease accounting resial value after decting the value of the balance. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset resial value of the security has been provided, the total amount of depreciation should be credited for the start of the lease value of fixed assets recorded.
(2), the depreciation period
Identify the leased asset depreciation period, should be in accordance with the lease contract. If reasonable certainty that the lessee at the end of the lessee will obtain ownership of the leased asset, the lessee can be identified with all of the assets of the remaining useful life, and should therefore be the start of the lease to lease the remaining useful life of assets as depreciation period; If you can not reasonably determine whether the lease to the lessee at the end of the lease ownership of the assets to be made to the lease period and the remaining useful life of the leased asset in the shorter of the two as the depreciation period.
5, the accounting treatment of compliance costs
Many types of compliance costs, rent for the financing of fixed assets improved expenditure, technical advice and service charges, fees should be increased staff training credited to the extension of sharing costs, debit "long-term prepaid expenses," and "accrued expenses" , "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects, the fixed assets regular maintenance, insurance, etc. can be directly charged to expense in the current period, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank deposits, "wait until the subjects.
6, or the accounting treatment of rent
Since the rent or the amount of uncertainty, unable to adopt a rational approach to its system for sharing, in the actual event, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
7, at the end of the lease accounting treatment
At the end of lease, the tenant on the lease is usually the disposition of the assets of three circumstances:
(1), the return of the leased asset. Debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," and "accumulated depreciation" subjects, credited "fixed assets - fixed assets financed by leasing all" subjects.
(2), renewable lease concession assets. If the lessee to exercise the right to choose renewable concession, the lease shall be deemed to have been made the presence of the corresponding accounting treatment. If no expiry of renewal, to the lessor under the lease contract to pay a penalty, debit "operating expenses" subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
(3), stay purchase the leased asset. In the lessee enjoy preferential purchase right to choose, purchase price paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance lease," credited "bank" and other subjects at the same time, will be fixed assets from "all fixed assets financed by leasing" Details Details of the other subjects into subjects.
⑩ 请问美国私募基金是怎样融资的
尽管私募基金的投资方式不尽相同，但是私募基金大多雇用专业人士负责基金管理，采用精确的数量模型，对投资交易实行所谓的程序化投资决策管理。比如长期资本管理公司的合伙人中就有1997年诺贝尔经济学奖获得者默顿和斯克尔斯等人，并且雇用了一些大学里的博士弟子操盘，通过定价模型计算各种相关证券的价格差异，捕捉交易机会。
发展概况
私募基金是相对于公募的共同基金而言的一种基金类型。私募基金一般属于合伙人制的小型私人投资公司，主要投资于公开交易的证券和衍生金融产品，是一种高风险的投机基金。 90年代以来，随着金融全球化趋势的加深和各种投资工具的创新，美国私募基金业获得极大的发展，基金的数量和规模每年都以20%的速度增长，现在已经成为美国金融领域一支成长最快的力量。目前，美国至少有4200家私募基金，资本总额超过3000亿美元。
美国的私募基金投资领域广泛，投资手法多样。1998年，美国先锋对冲基金研究公司等机构对美国私募基金的投资策略进行了研究，他们按投资策略的不同将美国的私募基金划分为16类。但是一般来说，美国的私募基金主要有两大类：一类是宏观基金，另一类是相对价值基金。宏观基金主要利用各国宏观经济的不稳定性进行宏观经济的不均衡套利活动。宏观基金收集世界各国的宏观经济情况并进行研究，当发现一国的宏观经济变量偏离均衡值，便集中资金对目标国的股市、利率、汇率、实物进行大笔的反向操作。当该国宏观经济形势发生变化，资产价格将会大幅贬值，宏观基金将从中获得巨额的收益。一般认为宏观基金风险巨大，其对全球金融体系的破坏性较大，常常被人们指责为金融危机的制造者。宏观基金的代表是索罗斯领导的著名的量子基金。相对价值基金与宏观基金不同，它一般不冒较大的市场风险，只对密切相关的证券的相对价格进行投资。由于证券的相对价格差异一般较小，如果不用杠杆效应的话，私募基金就无法取得高额的收益，因此，相对价值基金更倾向于使用高杠杆操作。最著名的相对价值基金是美国的长期资本管理公司(LTCM)。由于LTCM运用高度的杠杆操作，仅仅5 年的时间，这家公司就以投资失败而告终(LTCM成立于1993年，1994年2月正式开始运营，1998年9月投资彻底失败)。
按照私募基金的注册地，我们还可将美国的私募基金划分为美国国内注册的基金和境外注册的基金。现在，只有不到一半的美国私募基金在国内注册，一半以上在美国境外注册。境外注册的基金又称为离岸基金，这些基金一般注册在西欧的卢森堡、英国的海峡群岛、开曼群岛、百慕大等一些避税天堂里，专门在美国境外从事离岸证券投资。这样，这些基金一方面逃避了美国政府的监管，同时也为投资者逃避了利润所得税。
设立程序与组织结构
美国关于私募基金的相关法令主要包含在1933年颁布的《证券法》、1934年颁布的《证券交易法》、1940年颁布的《投资公司法》和《投资顾问法》内，同时私募基金还受各个州《蓝天法》(BlueSky Law)的监管。
根据美国1940年颁布的《投资公司法》的规定，在美国只能设立固定面额证券公司、单位信托投资公司和公开募股管理型公司。但是《证券法》中的D规则却为私人合伙投资于证券市场设立了第506号“安全港”(Safe Harbor)条款，《证券法》的S规则则为外国人私人证券投资设立了“安全港”条款，这些条款规定符合一定条件的投资者可以不按《投资公司法》规定的三种方式设立合伙制的投资机构。这样就为美国的私募基金提供了一种绕开金融监管的途径。
美国的法律规定，投资于私募基金的投资者必须是“有资格的投资者”。所谓“有资格的投资者”是指，个人投资者必须拥有500万美元以上的证券资产，并且最近两年的年均收入高于20万元，或包括配偶的收入高于30万元；如以法人机构的名义进行投资，则机构的财产至少在100万美元以上。在1996年9月1日之前，不多于100个“有资格购买者”设立的私募基金不必经过美国证券委员会(SEC)的批准，1996年9月1日后，根据美国的《国民证券市场改革法》(National Securities Markets Improvement Act)的规定，这一人数限制增至500人。同时，SEC允许私募基金吸纳拥有2500万美元以上的机构投资者加入。
私募基金一般由两类合伙人组成。第一类称一般合伙人(GeneraI Partner)，相当于基金经理，指的是创设基金的个人或团体。一般合伙人处理私募基金的所有交易活动及日常管理。第二类是受限合伙人(Limited Partner)。受限合伙人提供大部分资金但不参与基金的投资活动。在筹划设立私募基金时，一般合伙人通过与受限合伙人签订《合伙人协议》来规定双方的权利与义务。《合伙人协议》是限制和规范私募基金内部关系的基本文件，一般包含以下一些内容：
1.基金的投资目标、策略和风险因素；
2.一般合伙人与受限合伙人的地位；
3.合伙人投资、增资、撤资的规定；
4.激励薪酬的计算细节；
5.管理费用的使用与计算细节；
6.是否允许使用财务杠杆及比例限制；
7.财务年度末分红的相关规定等等。
一般来说，《合伙人协议》对一般合伙人进行基金投资目标方面的限制比较泛泛，这样基金经理就有足够的灵活性进行投资操作，保证投资活动能够顺利进行。而关于一般合伙人与受限合伙人的地位及是否允许使用财务杠杆等内容则必须明确。投资者在加入私募基金时一般都要聘请律师参与《合伙人协议》的签署过程，这样能够保证投资人签署的协议与自己心中的目标相一致。
私募基金的一般合伙人在前期准备就绪后，就可以出售基金单位了，美国法律对私募基金出售的规定非常严格，不允许私募基金进行任何的广告宣传。投资者一般通过四种方式参与投资：(1)依据上流社会的所谓可靠信息；(2)直接认识某个基金的经理人员；(3)通过其他的基金转入；(4)由投资银行、证券中介公司或投资咨询公司的特别介绍。一般合伙人向事先确定的每一个潜在的投资者送交私人募集的买卖契约文件(包括《合伙人协议》)，向他们提供与有经验的投资者进行面谈的机会，或者提供投资咨询。最后，与投资者签署《合伙人协议》，吸纳投资者的资金。这样，一家私募基金便宣告成立。
运作特点
美国的私募基金在投资策略和运作方式上与共同基金有很大的不同之处，主要表现在以下几个方面：
1.投资者主要是一些大的投资机构和一些富人。如前文所述，私募基金的合伙人要取得投资资格需要一定的条件，这些条件决定了只有富人才能参与私募基金。如索罗斯领导的量子基金的投资者都是超级大富翁，或者是金融寡头、工业巨头。量子基金的投资者不足100人，每个投资者的投资额至少100万美元，多则1000万美元。
2.一般是封闭式的合伙基金，不上市流通。在基金封闭期间，合伙投资人不能随意抽资(或抽资前必须提前告知，提前时间从30日至3年不等)。基金的封闭期限一般为5年或10年。确定这一期限的根据是，经济周期一般为4～5年，而基金的投资期限一般要大于一个经济周期，因为只有这样才能够保证基金经理有充足的时间来运作基金。
3.黑箱操作，投资策略高度保密。根据美国的法律，私募基金无须像共同基金那样，在监管机构登记、报告、披露信息。美国的监管当局认为私募基金的投资者成熟、理性，有足够的能力对基金经理人的活动进行监管，证管部门和公众都无需知道其运作情况。私募基金的经理人在与合伙人(投资者)签订的《合伙人协议》中一般要求极大的操作自由度，对投资组合和操作方式也不透露，外界很难获得私募基金的系统性信息。
4.高度杠杆操作。私募基金的投资目的在于获得高额利润，但是基金自身的资金实力毕竟有限，因此，私募基金一般都大规模地运用财务杠杆(通过信用借贷的方式)，扩大资金规模，突破基金自有资金不足的限制。一般情况下，基金运作的财务杠杆倍数为2～5倍，最高可达20倍，一旦出现紧急情况，私募基金的杠杆倍数会更高。如长期资本管理公司(LTMC)在运作期间，几乎向世界上所有的大银行融通过资金，使用的财务杠杆倍数极高。在1998年8月LTCM出现巨额亏损前夕，其杠杆比率高达56.8倍，并在此基础上建立了1.25万亿美元的金融衍生交易仓盘，总杠杆比率高达568倍。在高度财务杠杆的作用下，如果基金经理预测准确，则基金能够获取最大限度的回报；一旦基金经理预测失误，财务杠杆也会成倍地放大损失的数额。
5.主要投资于金融衍生市场，投机性强。私募基金的背后一般没有实物资产支撑，专门在金融市场从事各种买空、卖空交易，并从中获取高额的投资收益。尽管私募基金的投资方式不尽相同，但是私募基金大多雇用专业人士负责基金管理，采用精确的数量模型，对投资交易实行所谓的程序化投资决策管理。比如长期资本管理公司的合伙人中就有1997年诺贝尔经济学奖获得者默顿和斯克尔斯等人，并且雇用了一些大学里的博士弟子操盘，通过定价模型计算各种相关证券的价格差异，捕捉交易机会。
6.组织结构比较简单。私募基金属于合伙制企业，不设董事会，由一般合伙人负责基金的日常管理和投资决策。在美国，约1/4的私募基金总资产不超过1000万美元，它们的运作像一个小作坊，通常是在仅有一两个人的办公室里工作。私募基金一般不设自己的研究机构，更多地依靠外部的研究信息资源。
7.采取与业绩挂钩的薪酬激励机制。私募基金的经理除了能够获得基金资产的一定比例的固定管理费外，还可以提取一定比例的投资利润作为奖励。这一比例通常在5%～25%之间。这种激励机制能够吸引大批的有才华的高级专业人士加盟私募基金，并为私募基金创造出优良的业绩。根据资料分析，1988～1994年，私募基金的年平均收益率高达18.5%，远高于其他类型的投资收益，如同期的摩根斯坦利资本指数的投资收益是8.1%，莱曼兄弟综合债券指数是8.6%。
8.操作手法多样，更多地呈现全球化的特征。私募基金经营机制灵活，没有短期的利润指标和确定的资金投向的限制，在投资工具、财务杠杆、投资策略等各个方面也没有限制，这样基金经理就能在范围更广的投资领域选择投资战略，以期获取长期的高额利润。私募基金一般运用“对冲”的操作手法，进行反周期交易，也就是说在证券价格下跌时买进，在价格上升时卖出。比如，相对价格债券套利基金(Relative Value Funds)通过从一些相关金融产品定价的微小差异中套利，从而保证在牛市、熊市中都能赚钱。
主要投资策略
经过几十年的发展，美国私募基金的操作理论、投资策略早已超越了早期的简单地利用股市买卖进行对冲操作的方式，现代的私募基金大量地涉足期权、期货等投资领域，大胆地运用各种投资策略，操作手法多种多样(详见表1)。总的来说，美国私募基金的主要操作手段有以下几种：
(1)运用期货进行对冲盈利。期货合同可以防止利率风险、市场风险和汇率风险，具体到期货的种类又可分为利率期货(长期、短期)对冲、远期股指期货合约对冲、货币期货合约对冲等等。
(2)运用期权进行对冲操作，又可分为运用股指期权进行对冲、运用个别股票期权进行对冲、运用长期利率期权进行对冲。
(3)运用掉期交易进行对冲操作，包括利率掉期和货币掉期。
(4)运用资产组合保险业务(Portfolio Insurance)进行对冲。比如，在购买现有资产组合的买入期权的同时，从投资银行或保险公司购买保单。
(5)综合运用多种对冲手段进行操作。特别是20世纪90年代以后，美国的私募基金综合运用各种手段，利用股市、汇市必然的联动效应，对股价、汇率、利率进行攻击，从中获得最大限度的投资收益。
风险与监管
20世纪90年代以来，国际金融市场持续动荡，金融危机此起彼伏。在遍及全球的金融危机中，特别是在亚洲金融危机中，美国的私募基金(特别是以索罗斯的量子基金为代表的对冲基金)扮演了一种极不光彩的角色。但是，美国的私募基金并不是这场危机的最终受益者，许多私募基金在全球金融动荡中损失惨重。经过这次全球性的金融大动荡，暴露出美国的私募基金业存在的许多问题。其中最主要的问题是：私募基金经营风险过大，不利于金融市场的稳定。